Machine Learning
Benchmarking Attribute Selection Techniques for Discrete Class Data Mining
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, Second Edition (Morgan Kaufmann Series in Data Management Systems)
Large Scale Multiple Kernel Learning
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST)
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Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) allows assessing neuronal fiber tract integrity in vivo to support the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is an open research question to which extent combinations of different neuroimaging techniques increase the detection of AD. In this study we examined different methods to combine DTI data and structural T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Further, we applied machine learning techniques for automated detection of AD. We used a sample of 137 patients with clinically probable AD (MMSE 20.6 ±5.3) and 143 healthy elderly controls, scanned in nine different scanners, obtained from the recently created framework of the European DTI study on Dementia (EDSD). For diagnostic classification we used the DTI derived indices fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) as well as grey matter density (GMD) and white matter density (WMD) maps from anatomical MRI. We performed voxel-based classification using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier with tenfold cross validation. We compared the results from each single modality with those from different approaches to combine the modalities. For our sample, combining modalities did not increase the detection rates of AD. An accuracy of approximately 89% was reached for GMD data alone and for multimodal classification when GMD was included. This high accuracy remained stable across each of the approaches. As our sample consisted of mildly to moderately affected patients, cortical atrophy may be far progressed so that the decline in structural network connectivity derived from DTI may not add additional information relevant for the SVM classification. This may be different for predementia stages of AD. Further research will focus on multimodal detection of AD in predementia stages of AD, e.g. in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and on evaluating the classification performance when adding other modalities, e.g. functional MRI or FDG-PET.