Communications of the ACM
Tussle in cyberspace: defining tomorrow's internet
Proceedings of the 2002 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Foundations and Trends in Web Science
Web science: an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the web
Communications of the ACM - Web science
Communications of the ACM
Federating Distributed Social Data to Build an Interlinked Online Information Society
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Measuring Expertise in Online Communities
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web companion
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This paper examines the evolution of the World Wide Web as a network of networks and discusses the emergence of Web Science as an interdisciplinary area that can provide us with insights on how the Web developed, and how it has affected and is affected by society. Through its different stages of evolution, the Web has gradually changed from a technological network of documents to a network where documents, data, people and organisations are interlinked in various and often unexpected ways. It has developed from a technological artefact separate from people to an integral part of human activity that is having an increasingly significant impact on the world. This paper outlines the lessons from this retrospective examination of the evolution of the Web, presents the main outcomes of Web Science activities and discusses directions along which future developments could be anticipated.