Lightweight causal and atomic group multicast
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Wireless integrated network sensors
Communications of the ACM
Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Time synchronization in ad hoc networks
MobiHoc '01 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
A Weakly Coupled Adaptive Gossip Protocol for Application Level Active Networks
POLICY '02 Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Policies for Distributed Systems and Networks (POLICY'02)
Lightweight probabilistic broadcast
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Fireflies as role models for synchronization in ad hoc networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Bio inspired models of network, information and computing systems
SENSTRAC: scalable querying of sensor networks from mobile platforms using tracking-style queries
International Journal of Sensor Networks
IEEE Communications Magazine
A scalable synchronization protocol for large scale sensor networks and its applications
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
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Data fusion often depends on the time of occurrence of fused sensor readings, called as temporal ordering, which is defined with respect to a single message, or as causal ordering to guarantee dependency relationships between messages in many-to-many communication patterns. There are some temporal ordering protocols based on physical time synchronization in publish/subscribe (P/S) paradigm of wireless sensor networks, but there exist little research works on development of causal ordering protocols based on logical time in P/S of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Causal message ordering is more useful for most distributed applications in which a large number of sensor nodes request cooperating to fuse their data in WSNs. Temporal ordering is not sufficient for these distributed applications because it is not defined for dependency relationships between these messages. Also, many-to-many communication patterns attempt to address the problem of providing scalability of data propagation, guaranteeing message delivery order and supporting overlapping multicast groups in WSNs. In this paper, we present a novel approach based on gossiping and firefly synchronization instead of physical time synchronization, guaranteeing the causal message ordering property in P/S of WSNs. In the proposed protocol, every sensor broker disseminates the multicast message including the latest time-stamped information that represents the gossip round in which the message is generated to subscribers for causal message ordering. The latest time-stamped information is represented using colors. Its scalability feature might be highly suitable for the area of the applications requiring only the minimum causal information of message delivery with flexible consistency by cooperating to fuse their data.