Knowledge and common knowledge in a distributed environment
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Knowledge and common knowledge in a byzantine environment: crash failures
Information and Computation
A guide to completeness and complexity for modal logics of knowledge and belief
Artificial Intelligence
Knowledge, probability, and adversaries
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Reasoning about knowledge and probability
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Proceedings of the thirty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
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Many puzzling social behaviors, such as avoiding eye contact, using innuendos, and insignificant events that trigger revolutions, seem to relate to common knowledge and coordination, but the exact relationship has yet to be formalized. Herein, we present such a formalization. We state necessary and sufficient conditions for what we call state-dependent equilibria --- equilibria where players play different strategies in different states of the world. In particular, if everybody behaves a certain way (e.g. does not revolt) in the usual state of the world, then in order for players to be able to behave a different way (e.g. revolt) in another state of the world, it is both necessary and sufficient for it to be common p-believed that it is not the usual state of the world, where common p-belief is a relaxation of common knowledge introduced by Monderer and Samet [16]. Our framework applies to many player r-coordination games --- a generalization of coordination games that we introduce --- and common (r,p)-beliefs --- a generalization of common p-beliefs that we introduce. We then apply these theorems to two particular signaling structures to obtain novel results.