Practical Data-Oriented Microaggregation for Statistical Disclosure Control
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Ordinal, Continuous and Heterogeneous k-Anonymity Through Microaggregation
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery
Efficient multivariate data-oriented microaggregation
The VLDB Journal — The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases
Data ShufflingA New Masking Approach for Numerical Data
Management Science
A polynomial-time approximation to optimal multivariate microaggregation
Computers & Mathematics with Applications
A measure of variance for hierarchical nominal attributes
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Hybrid microdata using microaggregation
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Ontology-based semantic similarity: A new feature-based approach
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Combinations of SDC methods for microdata protection
PSD'06 Proceedings of the 2006 CENEX-SDC project international conference on Privacy in Statistical Databases
Marginality: a numerical mapping for enhanced exploitation of taxonomic attributes
MDAI'12 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Modeling Decisions for Artificial Intelligence
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Often microdata sets contain attributes which are neither numerical nor ordinal, but take nominal values from a taxonomy, ontology or classification (e.g. diagnosis in a medical data set about patients, economic activity in an economic data set, etc.). Such data sets must be anonymized if transferred outside the data collector's premises (e.g. hospital or national statistical office), say, for research purposes. The literature on microdata anonymization methods is relatively limited for nominal data. Multiple imputation is a usual choice for such data, but it has computational problems when nominal attributes can take many possible different values. In this paper, we provide anonymization methods for data sets which include nominal taxonomic attributes with many possible different values. We show how to adapt to the case of taxonomic attributes two anonymization methods, data shuffling and microaggregation, that were originally designed for numerical attributes. The above adaptation relies on a hierarchy-aware numerical mapping of nominal categories, which we call marginality. The resulting adapted methods circumvent the computational problems of multiple imputation and take the semantics of the taxonomy into account.