Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers
SIGCOMM '94 Proceedings of the conference on Communications architectures, protocols and applications
Multicluster, mobile, multimedia radio network
Wireless Networks
Mobility prediction and routing in ad hoc wireless networks
International Journal of Network Management
Making link-state routing scale for ad hoc networks
MobiHoc '01 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Efficient flooding with Passive Clustering (PC) in ad hoc networks
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
A high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing
Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Density Based Clustering algorithm for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
International Journal of Internet Protocol Technology
SOAR: Simple Opportunistic Adaptive Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Mobility-based clustering in VANETs using affinity propagation
GLOBECOM'09 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE conference on Global telecommunications
Information dissemination in self-organizing intervehicle networks
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
A Position-Based Clustering Technique for Ad Hoc Intervehicle Communication
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews
Inter-vehicle communication: technical issues on vehicle control application
IEEE Communications Magazine
Vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communication protocols for enhancing highway traffic safety
IEEE Communications Magazine
Adaptive clustering for mobile wireless networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
The Design and Simulation of a Mobile Radio Network with Distributed Control
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
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Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a promising architecture for vehicle-to-vehicle communications in the transportation field. However, the frequent topology changes in VANETs create many challenges to data delivery because the vehicle velocity varies with time. Thus, designing an efficient routing protocol for stable and reliable communication is essential. Existing studies show that clustering is an elegant approach to efficient routing in a mobile environment. In particular, the passive clustering (PC) mechanism has been validated as a more efficient approach compared to traditional clustering mechanisms. However, the PC mechanism was primarily designed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), and may be unsuitable for constructing a cluster structure in VANETs because it does not account for vehicle behavior and link quality. In this paper, we propose a passive clustering aided routing protocol, named PassCAR, to enhance routing performance in the one-way multi-lane highway scenario. The main goal of PassCAR is to determine suitable participants for constructing a stable and reliable cluster structure during the route discovery phase. Each candidate node self-determines its own priority to compete for a participant using the proposed multi-metric election strategy based on metrics such as node degree, expected transmission count, and link lifetime. Simulation results show that, compared with the original PC mechanism, PassCAR not only increases the successful probability of route discovery, but also selects more suitable nodes to participate in the created cluster structure. This well-constructed cluster structure significantly improves the packet delivery ratio and achieves a higher network throughput due to its preference for reliable, stable, and durable routing paths.