Recognizing subjectivity: a case study in manual tagging
Natural Language Engineering
Effects of adjective orientation and gradability on sentence subjectivity
COLING '00 Proceedings of the 18th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Automatic distinction of arguments and modifiers: the case of prepositional phrases
ConLL '01 Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning - Volume 7
ACM SIGIR Forum
The Notion of Argument in Prepositional Phrase Attachment
Computational Linguistics
Parsing the WSJ using CCG and log-linear models
ACL '04 Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Will pyramids built of nuggets topple over?
HLT-NAACL '06 Proceedings of the main conference on Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics
A Little Known Fact Is ... Answering Other Questions Using Interest-Markers
CICLing '07 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing
Towards a computational treatment of superlatives
ACL '07 Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the ACL: Student Research Workshop
Mining comparative sentences and relations
AAAI'06 proceedings of the 21st national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
An empirical approach to the interpretation of superlatives
EMNLP '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Overview of the WiQA task at CLEF 2006
CLEF'06 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Cross-Language Evaluation Forum: evaluation of multilingual and multi-modal information retrieval
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Although superlatives are commonly used in natural language, so far there has been no large-scale computational investigation of the types of comparisons they express. This article describes a comprehensive annotation scheme for superlatives, which classifies superlatives according to their surface forms and motivates an initial focus on so-called "ISA superlatives". This type of superlative comparison is especially suitable for a computational approach because both their targets and comparison sets are explicitly realised in the text, and the proposed annotation scheme offers guidelines for annotating the spans of such comparative elements. The annotations are tested and evaluated on 500 tokens of superlatives with good inter-annotator agreement. In addition to providing a platform for investigating superlatives on a larger scale, this research also introduces a new text-based Wikipedia corpus in which all superlative instances have been annotated according to the proposed annotation scheme, and which has been used to develop a tool that can reliably distinguish between different superlative types, and identify the comparative components of ISA superlatives.