Human Interactive Proofs and Document Image Analysis
DAS '02 Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems V
Unifying Human and Software Services in Web-Scale Collaborations
IEEE Internet Computing
Using Crowdsourcing and Active Learning to Track Sentiment in Online Media
Proceedings of the 2010 conference on ECAI 2010: 19th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Crowdsourcing systems on the World-Wide Web
Communications of the ACM
IEEE Internet Computing
Turkomatic: automatic recursive task and workflow design for mechanical turk
CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
ICSOC'11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Service-Oriented Computing
Portable Cloud Services Using TOSCA
IEEE Internet Computing
Statelets: coordination of social collaboration processes
COORDINATION'12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Coordination Models and Languages
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For solving complex problems, we advocate constructing "social computers" which combine software and human services. However, to date, human capabilities cannot be easily programmed into applications in a similar way like software capabilities. Existing approaches exploiting human capabilities via crowds do not support well on-demand, proactive, team-based human computation. In this paper, we explore a new way to virtualize, provision and program human capabilities using cloud computing concepts and service delivery models. We propose novel methods for modeling clouds of human-based services and combine human-based services with software-based services to establish clouds of hybrid services. In our model, we present common APIs, similar to APIs for software services, to access individual and team-based compute units in clouds of human-based services. Based on that, we propose frameworks and programming primitives for hybrid services. We illustrate our concepts via some examples of using our cloud APIs and existing cloud APIs for software.