ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Distributed systems (2nd Ed.)
SRDS '98 Proceedings of the The 17th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems
Zab: High-performance broadcast for primary-backup systems
DSN '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE/IFIP 41st International Conference on Dependable Systems&Networks
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Passive replication is a popular practical approach to fault tolerance [1]. Using the Paxos consensus protocol [4] to implement it is seeing a growing popularity lately, but requires taking care of peculiar constraints. State updates must be applied using the same sequence of generation: if a primary is in state A and executes an operation making it transition to state B, the resulting state update δAB must be applied to the state A. Applying it to a different state C≠A is not safe because it might lead to an incorrect state, which is inconsistent with the history observed by replicas and clients. Paxos does not necessarily preserve the dependency between A and the delivery of δAB, as observed in [3].