Word association norms, mutual information, and lexicography
Computational Linguistics
Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: the role of formal ontology in the information technology
WordNet: a lexical database for English
Communications of the ACM
Foundations of statistical natural language processing
Foundations of statistical natural language processing
Probabilistic latent semantic indexing
Proceedings of the 22nd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Introduction to the special issue on computational linguistics using large corpora
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on using large corpora: I
Noun classification from predicate-argument structures
ACL '90 Proceedings of the 28th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
A methodology for automatic term recognition
COLING '94 Proceedings of the 15th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Automatic acquisition of hyponyms from large text corpora
COLING '92 Proceedings of the 14th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Surface grammatical analysis for the extraction of terminological noun phrases
COLING '92 Proceedings of the 14th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 3
Extracting nested collocations
COLING '96 Proceedings of the 16th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Taxonomy learning: factoring the structure of a taxonomy into a semantic classification decision
COLING '02 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Automatic glossary extraction: beyond terminology identification
COLING '02 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Methods for the qualitative evaluation of lexical association measures
ACL '01 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Identification of relevant terms to support the construction of domain ontologies
HLTKM '01 Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management - Volume 2001
Ontology Learning and Population from Text: Algorithms, Evaluation and Applications
Ontology Learning and Population from Text: Algorithms, Evaluation and Applications
Selection of effective contextual information for automatic synonym acquisition
ACL-44 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
ACL-44 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Enhancing automatic term recognition through recognition of variation
COLING '04 Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Computational Linguistics
Paradigmatic modifiability statistics for the extraction of complex multi-word terms
HLT '05 Proceedings of the conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Wikify!: linking documents to encyclopedic knowledge
Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management
Taxonomy Learning Using Compound Similarity Measure
WI '07 Proceedings of the IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence
YAGO: A Large Ontology from Wikipedia and WordNet
Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web
Learning to link with wikipedia
Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge management
Using ontology to improve precision of terminology extraction from documents
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
OntoCase-Automatic Ontology Enrichment Based on Ontology Design Patterns
ISWC '09 Proceedings of the 8th International Semantic Web Conference
Refining non-taxonomic relation labels with external structured data to support ontology learning
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Ontology refinement for improved information retrieval
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Learning word-class lattices for definition and hypernym extraction
ACL '10 Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
A semi-supervised method to learn and construct taxonomies using the web
EMNLP '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Word sense disambiguation methods
Programming and Computing Software
Blognoon: exploring a topic in the blogosphere
Proceedings of the 20th international conference companion on World wide web
Ontology based information extraction from text
Knowledge-driven multimedia information extraction and ontology evolution
Pythia: compositional meaning construction for ontology-based question answering on the semantic web
NLDB'11 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Natural language processing and information systems
PLSI utilization for automatic thesaurus construction
IJCNLP'05 Proceedings of the Second international joint conference on Natural Language Processing
A graph-based algorithm for inducing lexical taxonomies from scratch
IJCAI'11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume Volume Three
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The conceptualization of knowledge required for an efficient processing of textual data is usually represented as ontologies. Depending on the knowledge domain and tasks, different types of ontologies are constructed: formal ontologies, which involve axioms and detailed relations between concepts; taxonomies, which are hierarchically organized concepts; and informal ontologies, such as Internet encyclopedias created and maintained by user communities. Manual construction of ontologies is a time-consuming and costly process requiring the participation of experts; therefore, in recent years, there have appeared many systems that automate this process in a greater or lesser degree. This paper provides an overview of methods for automatic construction and enrichment of ontologies, with the focus being placed on informal ontologies.