The JPEG still picture compression standard
Communications of the ACM - Special issue on digital multimedia systems
International Journal of Computer Vision
Exploiting the JPEG Compression Scheme for Image Retrieval
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Content-Based Image Retrieval at the End of the Early Years
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Image retrieval based on energy histograms of the low frequency DCT coefficients
ICASSP '99 Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1999. on 1999 IEEE International Conference - Volume 06
Image retrieval: Ideas, influences, and trends of the new age
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
The MIR flickr retrieval evaluation
MIR '08 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international conference on Multimedia information retrieval
Mining image databases by content
BNCOD'11 Proceedings of the 28th British national conference on Advances in databases
The MPEG-7 visual standard for content description-an overview
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Fast content-based retrieval from online photo sharing sites
AMT'12 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Active Media Technology
JIRL: A C++ Toolkit for JPEG Compressed Domain Image Retrieval
International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering & Management
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The vast majority of images are stored in compressed JPEG format. When performing content-based image retrieval, faster feature extraction is possible when calculating them directly in the compressed domain, avoiding full decompression of the images. Algorithms that operate in this way calculate image features based on DCT coefficients and hence still require partial decoding of the image to arrive at these. In this paper, we introduce a JPEG compressed domain retrieval algorithm that is based not directly on DCT coefficients but on differences of these, which are readily available in a JPEG compression stream. In particular, we utilise solely the DC stream of JPEG files and make direct use of the fact that DC terms are differentially coded. We build histograms of these differences and utilise them as image features, thus eliminating the need to undo the differential coding as in other methods. In combination with a colour histogram, also extracted from DC data, we show our approach to give (to our knowledge) the best retrieval accuracy of a JPEG domain retrieval algorithm, outperforming other compressed domain methods and reaching a performance close to that of the best performing MPEG-7 descriptor.