ZRP: a hybrid framework for routing in Ad Hoc networks
Ad hoc networking
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Internetworking IPv6 with Cisco Routers
Internetworking IPv6 with Cisco Routers
Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
WMCSA '99 Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications
Location prediction algorithms for mobile wireless systems
Wireless internet handbook
NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Map: medial axis based geometric routing in sensor networks
Wireless Networks
Local coordination based routing and spectrum assignment in multi-hop cognitive radio networks
Mobile Networks and Applications
A path-centric channel assignment framework for cognitive radio wireless networks
Mobile Networks and Applications
CRAHNs: Cognitive radio ad hoc networks
Ad Hoc Networks
Cross-layer Routing Design in Cognitive Radio Networks by Colored Multigraph Model
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
Multihop cognitive radio networks: to route or not to route
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking - Special issue title on networking over multi-hop cognitive networks
SEARCH: a routing protocol for mobile cognitive radio ad-hoc networks
SARNOFF'09 Proceedings of the 32nd international conference on Sarnoff symposium
Radio Tomographic Imaging with Wireless Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Improved ant routing algorithm in cognitive radio networks
ISCIT'09 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Communications and information technologies
Relay-assisted routing in cognitive radio networks
ICC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Communications
A geometric approach to improve spectrum efficiency for cognitive relay networks
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
Impact of mobility prediction on the performance of cognitive radio networks
WTS'10 Proceedings of the 9th conference on Wireless telecommunications symposium
Reliable link routing in cognitive radio networks
CAR'10 Proceedings of the 2nd international Asia conference on Informatics in control, automation and robotics - Volume 3
Multicast throughput for large scale cognitive networks
Wireless Networks
Routing in cognitive radio networks: Challenges and solutions
Ad Hoc Networks
CNSR '11 Proceedings of the 2011 Ninth Annual Communication Networks and Services Research Conference
Maximizing Capacity in Multihop Cognitive Radio Networks under the SINR Model
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Coolest Path: Spectrum Mobility Aware Routing Metrics in Cognitive Ad Hoc Networks
ICDCS '11 Proceedings of the 2011 31st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
Time-based cross-layer adaptations in wireless cognitive radio ad hoc networks
ISCC '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications
On transitional probabilistic routing in cognitive radio mesh networks
WOWMOM '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks
Leveraging the Algebraic Connectivity of a Cognitive Network for Routing Design
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
IPv6: the new Internet protocol
IEEE Communications Magazine
IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks
IEEE Communications Magazine
IEEE Communications Magazine
Multicast Communications in Multi-Hop Cognitive Radio Networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
CRP: A Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
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Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) have been receiving significant research attention recently due to their ability to solve issues associated with spectrum congestion and underutilization. In a CRN, unlicensed users (or Secondary Users, SUs) are able to exploit and use underutilized licensed channels, but they must evacuate the channels if any interference is caused to the licensed users (or Primary Users, PUs) who own the channels. Due to the dynamicity of spectrum availability in CRNs, design of protocols and schemes at different layers of the SU's network stack has been challenging. In this article, we focus on routing and discuss the challenges and characteristics associated with it. Subsequently, we provide an extensive survey on existing routing schemes in CRNs. Generally speaking, there are three categories of challenges, namely channel-based, host-based, and network-based. The channel-based challenges are associated with the operating environment, the host-based with the SUs, and the network-based with the network-wide SUs. Furthermore, the existing routing schemes in the literature are segregated into three broad categories based on the relationship between PUs and SUs in their investigation, namely intra-system, inter-system, and hybrid-system; and within each category, they are further categorized based on their types, namely Proactive, Reactive, Hybrid, and Adaptive Per-hop. Additionally, we present performance enhancements achieved by the existing routing schemes in CRNs. Finally, we discuss various open issues related to routing in CRNs in order to establish a foundation and to spark new interests in this research area.