Dependence and Independence

  • Authors:
  • Erich Grädel;Jouko Väänänen

  • Affiliations:
  • Mathematische Grundlagen der Informatik, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany 52056;Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland and Institute for Logic, Language and Computation, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

  • Venue:
  • Studia Logica
  • Year:
  • 2013

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Abstract

We introduce an atomic formula $${\vec{y} \bot_{\vec{x}}\vec{z}}$$ intuitively saying that the variables $${\vec{y}}$$ are independent from the variables $${\vec{z}}$$ if the variables $${\vec{x}}$$ are kept constant. We contrast this with dependence logic $${\mathcal{D}}$$ based on the atomic formula = $${(\vec{x}, \vec{y})}$$ , actually equivalent to $${\vec{y} \bot_{\vec{x}}\vec{y}}$$ , saying that the variables $${\vec{y}}$$ are totally determined by the variables $${\vec{x}}$$ . We show that $${\vec{y} \bot_{\vec{x}}\vec{z}}$$ gives rise to a natural logic capable of formalizing basic intuitions about independence and dependence. We show that $${\vec{y} \bot_{\vec{x}}\vec{z}}$$ can be used to give partially ordered quantifiers and IF-logic an alternative interpretation without some of the shortcomings related to so called signaling that interpretations using = $${(\vec{x}, \vec{y})}$$ have.