Animation of Synthetic Faces in MPEG-4
CA '98 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
Learning controls for blend shape based realistic facial animation
ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses
Efficient rendering of human skin
EGSR'07 Proceedings of the 18th Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
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Construction and animation of realistic human facial models is still a challenging task in computer graphics. In this paper, we present a practical way to generate facial expressions using dynamic vector displacement mapping. We describe the construction of displacement maps from scanned data, parametric virtual muscles and from feature points with influence. To produce facial expressions our approach dynamically combines multiple displacement maps using image composition and blending techniques. Dynamic skin behavior is simulated using spring--mass system driven by the generated displacement we call an expression map. This approach allows parametric animation of the facial model in real-time and can be entirely implemented on the GPU. Final composition and rendering of our models utilizes photorealistic lighting and shading of the facial skin.