A wireless sensor network For structural monitoring
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Fluid Flow Approximation of PEPA models
QEST '05 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Quantitative Evaluation of Systems
Castalia: revealing pitfalls in designing distributed algorithms in WSN
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Analysis of On-off policies in Sensor Networks Using Interacting Markovian Agents
PERCOM '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Sixth Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
Wireless sensor network survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
An overview of the OMNeT++ simulation environment
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Simulation tools and techniques for communications, networks and systems & workshops
A fluid analysis framework for a Markovian process algebra
Theoretical Computer Science
Wireless Sensor Network for Crop Field Monitoring
ITC '10 Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Recent Trends in Information, Telecommunication and Computing
Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in the Oil, Gas and Resources Industries
AINA '10 Proceedings of the 2010 24th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications
Validation of WSN simulators through a comparison with a real testbed
Proceedings of the 7th ACM workshop on Performance evaluation of wireless ad hoc, sensor, and ubiquitous networks
Fluid computation of the performance: energy tradeoff in large scale Markov models
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Mean-field approximations for performance models with generally-timed transitions
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Markovian agent modeling swarm intelligence algorithms in wireless sensor networks
Performance Evaluation
MAC Essentials for Wireless Sensor Networks
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
Simulation scalability issues in wireless sensor networks
IEEE Communications Magazine
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are often used for environment monitoring, an application which requires reliable routing of messages from source to sink nodes via multi-hop networks. Prior to installing such WSNs, engineers commonly analyse the network using discrete event simulation (DES). Whilst sophisticated simulators such as Castalia and TOSSIM take into account many low-level features of WSNs, their biggest drawback is the lack of scalability. This inhibits design-time system optimisation for large or complex networks. In this paper, we discuss how Population CTMC (PCTMC) models, used in conjunction with mean-field analysis, can be used to mitigate this problem. To illustrate the potential of PCTMC models in the WSN domain, we present a PCTMC model for a failsafe, dynamic routing protocol, which we implemented in Castalia. We show that the mean-field solution for the model yields good qualitative agreement with corresponding low-level simulations, but at a fraction of the computational cost. In particular we see good agreement for average metrics describing buffer occupancy and data flow behaviour. Moreover, our PCTMC model produces good results when packets are lost due to channel interference, an important consideration for WSNs.