Scaling for E Business: Technologies, Models, Performance, and Capacity Planning
Scaling for E Business: Technologies, Models, Performance, and Capacity Planning
Queueing Networks and Markov Chains
Queueing Networks and Markov Chains
QEST '05 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Quantitative Evaluation of Systems
Runtime measurements in the cloud: observing, analyzing, and reducing variance
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
Fluid Analysis of Queueing in Two-Stage Random Environments
QEST '11 Proceedings of the 2011 Eighth International Conference on Quantitative Evaluation of SysTems
A Performance Study on the VM Startup Time in the Cloud
CLOUD '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Cloud Computing
OFBench: An Enterprise Application Benchmark for Cloud Resource Management Studies
SYNASC '12 Proceedings of the 2012 14th International Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing
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Describing exogenous variability in the resources used by a cloud application leads to stochastic performance models that are difficult to solve. In this paper, we describe the blending algorithm, a novel approximation for queueing network models immersed in a random environment. Random environments are Markov chain-based descriptions of timevarying operational conditions that evolve independently of the system state, therefore they are natural descriptors for exogenous variability in a cloud deployment. The algorithm adopts the principle of solving a separate transient-analysis subproblem for each state of the random environment. Each subproblem is then approximated by a system of ordinary differential equations formulated according to a fluid limit theorem, making the approach scalable and computationally inexpensive. A validation study on several hundred models shows that blending can save up to two orders of magnitude of computational time compared to simulation, enabling efficient exploration of a decision space, which is useful in particular at design-time.