A two-tier data dissemination model for large-scale wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 8th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Wireless sensor networks
Time-diffusion synchronization protocol for wireless sensor networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
A survey of energy-efficient scheduling mechanisms in sensor networks
Mobile Networks and Applications
The power of choice in random walks: an empirical study
Proceedings of the 9th ACM international symposium on Modeling analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems
Sink mobility protocols for data collection in wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international workshop on Mobility management and wireless access
An Analytical Model for Wireless Sensor Networks with Sleeping Nodes
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Interest dissemination with directional antennas for wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Scalable Data Collection Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks with Multiple Mobile Sinks
ANSS '07 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Simulation Symposium
Anonymous topology discovery for multihop wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on QoS and security for wireless and mobile networks
Exploiting sink movement for energy-efficient load-balancing in wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Foundations of wireless ad hoc and sensor networking and computing
A New Multi Level Clustering Model to Increase Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks
SENSORCOMM '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications
Dynamic Multi-level Hierarchal Clustering Approach for Wireless Sensor Networks
UKSIM '09 Proceedings of the UKSim 2009: 11th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation
A Message-Optimal Sink Mobility Model for Wireless Sensor Networks
ICN '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Eighth International Conference on Networks
Fast track article: Improved sensor network lifetime with multiple mobile sinks
Pervasive and Mobile Computing
A simple location propagation scheme for mobile sink in wireless sensor networks
IEEE Communications Letters
Maximizing the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Sink in Delay-Tolerant Applications
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
A mobility management framework for optimizing the trajectory of a mobile base-station
EWSN'11 Proceedings of the 8th European conference on Wireless sensor networks
A dynamic multiagent-based local update strategy for mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks
ICCSA'11 Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Computational science and its applications - Volume Part IV
MobiRoute: routing towards a mobile sink for improving lifetime in sensor networks
DCOSS'06 Proceedings of the Second IEEE international conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems
Network lifetime maximization in sensor networks with multiple mobile sinks
LCN '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 36th Conference on Local Computer Networks
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics
IEEE Communications Magazine
Energy efficient and reliable data delivery in urban sensing applications: A performance analysis
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
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Over the last decade a large number of routing protocols has been designed for achieving energy efficiency in data collecting wireless sensor networks. The drawbacks of using a static sink are well known. It has been argued in the literature that a mobile sink may improve the energy dissipation compared to a static one. Some authors focus on minimizing Emax, the maximum energy dissipation of any single node in the network, while others aim at minimizing Ebar, the average energy dissipation over all nodes. In our paper we take a more holistic view, considering both Emax and Ebar. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a simulation-based analysis of the energy efficiency of WSNs with static and mobile sinks. The focus is on two important configuration parameters: mobility path of the sink and duty cycling value of the nodes. On the one hand, it is well known that in the case of a mobile sink with fixed trajectory the choice of the mobility path influences energy efficiency. On the other hand, in some types of applications sensor nodes spend a rather large fraction of their total lifetime in idle mode, and therefore higher energy efficiency can be achieved by using the concept of reduced duty cycles. In particular, we quantitatively analyze the influence of duty cycling and the mobility radius of the sink as well as their interrelationship in terms of energy consumption for a well-defined model scenario. The analysis starts from general load considerations and is refined into a geometrical model. This model is validated by simulations which are more realistic in terms of duty cycling than previous work. It is illustrated that over all possible configuration scenarios in terms of duty cycle and mobility radius of the sink the energy dissipation in the WSN can vary up to a factor of nine in terms of Emax and up to a factor of 17 in terms of Ebar. It turns out that in general the choice of the duty cycle value is more important for achieving energy efficiency than the choice of the mobility radius of the sink. Moreover, for small values of the duty cycle, a static sink turns out to be optimal in terms of both Emax and Ebar. For larger values of the duty cycle, a mobile sink has advantages over a static sink, especially in terms of Emax. These insights into the basic interrelationship between duty cycle value and mobility radius of a mobile sink are relevant for energy efficient operation of homogeneous WSNs beyond our model scenario.