OPTICS: ordering points to identify the clustering structure
SIGMOD '99 Proceedings of the 1999 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
An investigation of geographic mapping techniques for internet hosts
Proceedings of the 2001 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Measuring ISP topologies with rocketfuel
Proceedings of the 2002 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
A Precise and Efficient Evaluation of the Proximity Between Web Clients and Their Local DNS Servers
ATEC '02 Proceedings of the General Track of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Drafting behind Akamai (travelocity-based detouring)
Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Towards IP geolocation using delay and topology measurements
Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
AS relationships: inference and validation
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Constraint-based geolocation of internet hosts
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Automatic Clustering of Grid Nodes
GRID '05 Proceedings of the 6th IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Grid Computing
iPlane: an information plane for distributed services
OSDI '06 Proceedings of the 7th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation - Volume 7
How DNS misnaming distorts internet topology mapping
ATEC '06 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX '06 Annual Technical Conference
I tube, you tube, everybody tubes: analyzing the world's largest user generated content video system
Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Taming the torrent: a practical approach to reducing cross-isp traffic in peer-to-peer systems
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2008 conference on Data communication
Communications of the ACM - Surviving the data deluge
Moving beyond end-to-end path information to optimize CDN performance
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement conference
CloudCmp: comparing public cloud providers
IMC '10 Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Eyeball ASes: from geography to connectivity
IMC '10 Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Measuring and evaluating TCP splitting for cloud services
PAM'10 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Passive and active measurement
Dissecting Video Server Selection Strategies in the YouTube CDN
ICDCS '11 Proceedings of the 2011 31st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
Do you know where your cloud files are?
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on Cloud computing security workshop
Characterizing roles of front-end servers in end-to-end performance of dynamic content distribution
Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement conference
Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement conference
Towards geolocation of millions of IP addresses
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Internet measurement conference
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Internet measurement conference
Reducing web latency: the virtue of gentle aggression
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2013 conference on SIGCOMM
AS relationships, customer cones, and validation
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Internet measurement conference
Internet nameserver IPv4 and IPv6 address relationships
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Internet measurement conference
Exploring EDNS-client-subnet adopters in your free time
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Internet measurement conference
On the benefits of using a large IXP as an internet vantage point
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Internet measurement conference
From Paris to Tokyo: on the suitability of ping to measure latency
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Internet measurement conference
Exploring EDNS-client-subnet adopters in your free time
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Internet measurement conference
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Modern content-distribution networks both provide bulk content and act as "serving infrastructure" for web services in order to reduce user-perceived latency. Serving infrastructures such as Google's are now critical to the online economy, making it imperative to understand their size, geographic distribution, and growth strategies. To this end, we develop techniques that enumerate IP addresses of servers in these infrastructures, find their geographic location, and identify the association between clients and clusters of servers. While general techniques for server enumeration and geolocation can exhibit large error, our techniques exploit the design and mechanisms of serving infrastructure to improve accuracy. We use the EDNS-client-subnet DNS extension to measure which clients a service maps to which of its serving sites. We devise a novel technique that uses this mapping to geolocate servers by combining noisy information about client locations with speed-of-light constraints. We demonstrate that this technique substantially improves geolocation accuracy relative to existing approaches. We also cluster server IP addresses into physical sites by measuring RTTs and adapting the cluster thresholds dynamically. Google's serving infrastructure has grown dramatically in the ten months, and we use our methods to chart its growth and understand its content serving strategy. We find that the number of Google serving sites has increased more than sevenfold, and most of the growth has occurred by placing servers in large and small ISPs across the world, not by expanding Google's backbone.