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Formal Concept Analysis
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Formal Concept Analysis FCA has been successfully applied to data in a number of problem domains. However, its use has tended to be on an ad hoc, bespoke basis, relying on FCA experts working closely with domain experts and requiring the production of specialised FCA software for the data analysis. The availability of generalised tools and techniques, that might allow FCA to be applied to data more widely, is limited. Two important issues provide barriers: raw data is not normally in a form suitable for FCA and requires undergoing a process of transformation to make it suitable, and even when converted into a suitable form for FCA, real data sets tend to produce a large number of results that can be difficult to manage and interpret. This article describes how some open-source tools and techniques have been developed and used to address these issues and make FCA more widely available and applicable. Three examples of real data sets, and real problems related to them, are used to illustrate the application of the tools and techniques and demonstrate how FCA can be used as a semantic technology to discover knowledge. Furthermore, it is shown how these tools and techniques enable FCA to deliver a visual and intuitive means of mining large data sets for association and implication rules that complements the semantic analysis. In fact, it transpires that FCA reveals hidden meaning in data that can then be examined in more detail using an FCA approach to traditional data mining methods.