Power-Up SRAM State as an Identifying Fingerprint and Source of True Random Numbers
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Low-Overhead Implementation of a Soft Decision Helper Data Algorithm for SRAM PUFs
CHES '09 Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
Efficient implementation of true random number generator based on SRAM PUFs
Cryptography and Security
Mining your Ps and Qs: detection of widespread weak keys in network devices
Security'12 Proceedings of the 21st USENIX conference on Security symposium
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Research on Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) has become very popular in recent years. However, all PUFs researched so far require either ASICs, FPGAs or a microcontroller with external components. Our research focuses on identifying PUFs in commercial off-the-shelf devices, e.g. microcontrollers. We show that PUFs exist in several off-theshelf products, which can be used for security applications. We present measurement results on the PUF behavior of five of the most popular microcontrollers today: ARM Cortex A,ARM Cortex-M,Atmel AVR, Microchip PIC16 and Texas Instruments MSP430. Based on these measurements, we can calculate whether these chips can be considered for applications requiring strong cryptography. As a result of these findings, we present a secure bootloader for the ARM Cortex-A9 platform based on a PUF inherent to the device, requiring no external components. Furthermore, instead of discarding the randomness in PUF responses, we utilize this to create strong seeds for pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs). The existence of a secure RNG is at the heart of virtually every cryptographic protocol, yet very often overlooked. We present the implementation of a strongly seeded PRNG for the ARM Cortex-M family, again requiring no external components.