Computer Networks and ISDN Systems
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Packing Messages as a Tool for Boosting the Performance of Total Ordering Protocols
Packing Messages as a Tool for Boosting the Performance of Total Ordering Protocols
High throughput reliable message dissemination
Proceedings of the 2004 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Total order broadcast and multicast algorithms: Taxonomy and survey
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
An integrated experimental environment for distributed systems and networks
OSDI '02 Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementationCopyright restrictions prevent ACM from being able to make the PDFs for this conference available for downloading
Adaptive Batching for Replicated Servers
SRDS '06 Proceedings of the 25th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems
Throughput optimal total order broadcast for cluster environments
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Mencius: building efficient replicated state machines for WANs
OSDI'08 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on Operating systems design and implementation
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Paxos is probably the most popular state machine replication protocol. Two optimizations that can greatly improve its performance are batching and pipelining. However, tuning these two optimizations to achieve high-throughput can be challenging, as their effectiveness depends on many parameters like the network latency and bandwidth, the speed of the nodes, and the properties of the application. We address this question by presenting an analytical model of the performance of Paxos, and showing how it can be used to determine configuration values for the batching and pipelining optimizations that result in high-throughput. We then validate the model, by presenting the results of experiments where we investigate the interaction of these two optimizations both in LAN and WAN environments, and comparing these results with the prediction from the model. The results confirm the accuracy of the model, with the predicted values being usually very close to the ones that provide the highest performance in the experiments. Furthermore, both the model and the experiments give useful insights into the relative effectiveness of batching and pipelining. They show that although batching by itself provides the largest gains in all scenarios, in most cases combining it with pipelining provides a very significant additional increase in throughput, with this being true not only on high-latency WAN but also in many LAN scenarios.