Tunnel Hunter: Detecting application-layer tunnels with statistical fingerprinting
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
M/G/∞ transience, and its applications to overload detection
Performance Evaluation
An Overview of IP Flow-Based Intrusion Detection
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
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DNS tunnels allow circumventing access and security policies in firewalled networks. Such a security breach can be misused for activities like free web browsing, but also for command & control traffic or cyber espionage, thus motivating the search for effective automated DNS tunnel detection techniques. In this paper we develop such a technique, based on the monitoring and analysis of network flows. Our methodology combines flow information with statistical methods for anomaly detection. The contribution of our paper is twofold. Firstly, based on flow-derived variables that we identified as indicative of DNS tunnelling activities, we identify and evaluate a set of non-parametrical statistical tests that are particularly useful in this context. Secondly, the efficacy of the resulting tests is demonstrated by extensive validation experiments in an operational environment, covering many different usage scenarios.