Principal Warps: Thin-Plate Splines and the Decomposition of Deformations
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A graph distance metric based on the maximal common subgraph
Pattern Recognition Letters
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Comprehensive Database for Facial Expression Analysis
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
AMFG '03 Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures
Facial Expression Decomposition
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Faces of pain: automated measurement of spontaneousallfacial expressions of genuine and posed pain
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
A survey of content based 3D shape retrieval methods
Multimedia Tools and Applications
ACII '07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
A Survey of Affect Recognition Methods: Audio, Visual, and Spontaneous Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic design of a control interface for a synthetic face
Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Subtle facial expression recognition using motion magnification
Pattern Recognition Letters
The painful face - Pain expression recognition using active appearance models
Image and Vision Computing
Probabilistic expression analysis on manifolds
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
AVEC 2011-the first international audio/visual emotion challenge
ACII'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Affective computing and intelligent interaction - Volume Part II
Appearance manifold of facial expression
ICCV'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Computer Vision in Human-Computer Interaction
AVEC 2012: the continuous audio/visual emotion challenge
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
Robust continuous prediction of human emotions using multiscale dynamic cues
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
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Facial expressions analysis plays an important part in emotion detection. However, having an automatic and non-intrusive system to detect blended facial expression is still a challenging problem, especially when the subject is unknown to the system. Here, we propose a method that adapts to the morphology of the subject and that is based on a new invariant representation of facial expressions. In our system, one expression is defined by its relative position to 8 other expressions. As the mode of representation is relative, we show that the resulting expression space is person-independent. The 8 expressions are synthesized for each unknown subject from plausible distortions. Recognition tasks are performed in this space with a basic algorithm. The experiments have been performed on 22 different blended expressions and on either known or unknown subjects. The recognition results on known subjects demonstrate that the representation is robust to the type of data (shape and/or texture information) and to the dimensionality of the expression space. The recognition results on 22 expressions of unknown subjects show that a dimensionality of the expression space of 4 is enough to outperform traditional methods based on active appearance models and accurately describe an expression.