WordNet: a lexical database for English
Communications of the ACM
Medical Language Processing: Computer Management of Narrative Data
Medical Language Processing: Computer Management of Narrative Data
Two biomedical sublanguages: a description based on the theories of Zellig Harris
Journal of Biomedical Informatics - Special issue: Sublanguage
Building a large annotated corpus of English: the penn treebank
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on using large corpora: II
GeneWays: a system for extracting, analyzing, visualizing, and integrating molecular pathway data
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
Journal of Biomedical Informatics - Special issue: Unified medical language system
Design of the MUC-6 evaluation
MUC6 '95 Proceedings of the 6th conference on Message understanding
A de-identifier for medical discharge summaries
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Syntactic formatting of science information
AFIPS '72 (Fall, part II) Proceedings of the December 5-7, 1972, fall joint computer conference, part II
A shared task involving multi-label classification of clinical free text
BioNLP '07 Proceedings of the Workshop on BioNLP 2007: Biological, Translational, and Clinical Language Processing
Discovering drug–drug interactions
Bioinformatics
Leveraging Gene Ontology Annotations to Improve a Memory-Based Language Understanding System
ICSC '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Fourth International Conference on Semantic Computing
Unsupervised learning of semantic relation composition
HLT '11 Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies - Volume 1
Incremental Information Extraction Using Relational Databases
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Bioinformatics
Unsupervised mining of frequent tags for clinical eligibility text indexing
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
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Natural language processing (NLP) is crucial for advancing healthcare because it is needed to transform relevant information locked in text into structured data that can be used by computer processes aimed at improving patient care and advancing medicine. In light of the importance of NLP to health, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) recently sponsored a workshop to review the state of the art in NLP focusing on text in English, both in biomedicine and in the general language domain. Specific goals of the NLM-sponsored workshop were to identify the current state of the art, grand challenges and specific roadblocks, and to identify effective use and best practices. This paper reports on the main outcomes of the workshop, including an overview of the state of the art, strategies for advancing the field, and obstacles that need to be addressed, resulting in recommendations for a research agenda intended to advance the field.