Temporal Differences in Eye and Mouth Movements Classifying Facial Expressions of Smiles
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
Social signal processing: Survey of an emerging domain
Image and Vision Computing
Eye-gaze experiments for conversation monitoring
Proceedings of the 3rd International Universal Communication Symposium
ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS) - Special Issue on Affective Interaction in Natural Environments
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We report progress towards developing a sensor module that categorizes types of laughter for application in dialogue systems or social-skills training situations. The module will also function as a component to measure discourse engagement in natural conversational speech. This paper presents the results of an analysis into the sounds of human laughter in a very large corpus of naturally occurring conversational speech and our classification of the laughter types according to social function. Various types of laughter were categorized into either polite or genuinely mirthful categories and the analysis of these laughs forms the core of this report. Statistical analysis of the acoustic features of each laugh was performed and a Principal Component Analysis and Classification Tree analysis were performed to determine the main contributing factors in each case. A statistical model was then trained using a Support Vector Machine to predict the most likely category for each laugh in both speaker-specific and speaker-independent manner. Better than 70% accuracy was obtained in automatic classification tests.