Schema evolution in database systems: an annotated bibliography
ACM SIGMOD Record
A Majority consensus approach to concurrency control for multiple copy databases
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)
Maintaining data warehouses over changing information sources
Communications of the ACM
Transactional information systems: theory, algorithms, and the practice of concurrency control and recovery
Schema evolution in data warehouses
Knowledge and Information Systems
On Schema Evolution in Multidimensional Databases
DaWaK '99 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Data Warehousing and Knowledge Discovery
Schema Evolution in Heterogeneous Database Architectures, A Schema Transformation Approach
CAiSE '02 Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering
Mariposa: a wide-area distributed database system
The VLDB Journal — The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases
Schema Versioning: Queries to the Generalized Temporal Database System
DEXA '99 Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Database & Expert Systems Applications
On-line Schema Update for a Telecom Database
ICDE '00 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Data Engineering
Model management and schema mappings: theory and practice
VLDB '07 Proceedings of the 33rd international conference on Very large data bases
MapReduce: simplified data processing on large clusters
Communications of the ACM - 50th anniversary issue: 1958 - 2008
Schema mapping verification: the spicy way
EDBT '08 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Extending database technology: Advances in database technology
Model---Driven, View---Based Evolution of Relational Databases
DEXA '08 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications
The PRISM Workwench: Database Schema Evolution without Tears
ICDE '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering
Update rewriting and integrity constraint maintenance in a schema evolution support system: PRISM++
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
Large-scale incremental processing using distributed transactions and notifications
OSDI'10 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on Operating systems design and implementation
Automated co-evolution of conceptual models, physical databases, and mappings
ER'10 Proceedings of the 29th international conference on Conceptual modeling
Online, non-blocking relational schema changes
EDBT'06 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Advances in Database Technology
Spanner: Google's globally-distributed database
OSDI'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation
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We introduce a protocol for schema evolution in a globally distributed database management system with shared data, stateless servers, and no global membership. Our protocol is asynchronous--it allows different servers in the database system to transition to a new schema at different times--and online--all servers can access and update all data during a schema change. We provide a formal model for determining the correctness of schema changes under these conditions, and we demonstrate that many common schema changes can cause anomalies and database corruption. We avoid these problems by replacing corruption-causing schema changes with a sequence of schema changes that is guaranteed to avoid corrupting the database so long as all servers are no more than one schema version behind at any time. Finally, we discuss a practical implementation of our protocol in F1, the database management system that stores data for Google AdWords.