Towards semantic maps for mobile robots
Robotics and Autonomous Systems
Three-dimensional mapping with time-of-flight cameras
Journal of Field Robotics - Three-Dimensional Mapping, Part 2
Laser-based navigation enhanced with 3D time-of-flight data
ICRA'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Robotics and Automation
IROS'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE/RSJ international conference on Intelligent robots and systems
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Real-time 3D perception of the surrounding environment is a crucial precondition for the reliable and safe application of mobile service robots in domestic environments. Using a RGB-D camera, we present a system for acquiring and processing 3D (semantic) information at frame rates of up to 30Hz that allows a mobile robot to reliably detect obstacles and segment graspable objects and supporting surfaces as well as the overall scene geometry. Using integral images, we compute local surface normals. The points are then clustered, segmented, and classified in both normal space and spherical coordinates. The system is tested in different setups in a real household environment. The results show that the system is capable of reliably detecting obstacles at high frame rates, even in case of obstacles that move fast or do not considerably stick out of the ground. The segmentation of all planes in the 3D data even allows for correcting characteristic measurement errors and for reconstructing the original scene geometry in far ranges.