Security and Privacy for Implantable Medical Devices
IEEE Pervasive Computing
Pacemakers and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators: Software Radio Attacks and Zero-Power Defenses
SP '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Using the Timing Information of Heartbeats as an Entity Identifier to Secure Body Sensor Network
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
A novel biometrics method to secure wireless body area sensor networks for telemedicine and m-health
IEEE Communications Magazine
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
A system architecture, processor, and communication protocol for secure implants
ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO)
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Recent work on wireless Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs) has revealed the need for secure communication in order to prevent data theft and implant abuse by malicious attackers. However, security should not be provided at the cost of patient safety and an IMD should, thus, remain accessible during an emergency regardless of device security. In this paper, we present a novel method of providing IMD emergency access, based on generating Entity Identifiers (EI) using the Inter-Pulse Intervals (IPIs) of heartbeats. We evaluate the current state-of-the-art in EI-generation in terms of security and accessibility for healthy subjects with a wide range of heart rates. Subsequently, we present an adaptive EI-generation algorithm which takes the heart rate into account, maintaining an acceptable emergency-mode activation time (between 5-55.4 s) while improving security by up to 3.4x for high heart rates. Finally, we show that activating emergency mode may consume as little as 0.24μJ from the IMD battery.