The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
Where to look: a study of human-robot engagement
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
I am my robot: the impact of robot-building and robot form on operators
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
Designing persuasive robots: how robots might persuade people using vocal and nonverbal cues
HRI '12 Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction
Identifying people with soft-biometrics at fleet week
Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
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In this paper, we describe a large-scale (over 4000 participants) observational field study at a public venue, designed to explore how social a robot needs to be for people to engage with it. In this study we examined a prediction of Computers Are Social Actors (CASA) framework: the more machines present human-like characteristics in a consistent manner, the more likely they are to invoke a social response. Our humanoid robot's behavior varied in the amount of social cues, from no active social cues to increasing levels of social cues during story-telling to human-like game-playing interaction. We found several strong aspects of support for CASA: the robot that provides even minimal social cues (speech) is more engaging than a robot that does nothing, and the more human-like the robot behaved during story-telling, the more social engagement was observed. However, contrary to the prediction, the robot's game-playing did not elicit more engagement than other, less social behaviors.