International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Interactive graphical communication
Why does signaling enhance multimedia learning? Evidence from eye movements
Computers in Human Behavior
The influence of text modality on learning with static and dynamic visualizations
Computers in Human Behavior
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The present study aimed at extending research on multimedia design principles by investigating their validity as a function of learners' reading comprehension and scientific literacy. Students (N=125; age: M=15.11years) learned about cell reproduction during their regular Biology lessons in one of six conditions resulting from cross-varying multimedia (text only vs. text plus animations) and text modality (spoken vs. written vs. spoken and written). Recall and transfer were assessed immediately after learning and again 1week later. Overall, adding animations to text as well as using spoken rather than written text improved only immediate recall; in addition, a multimedia effect for delayed recall was observed for learners with higher levels of scientific literacy. A redundant presentation of text proved harmful especially for delayed performance measures. Reading comprehension did not moderate multimedia design effects. Students with more suitable cognitive prerequisites were better able to maintain performance from the immediate to the delayed tests. Future multimedia research should further investigate the boundary conditions that moderate multimedia effectiveness.