Finding Interesting Associations without Support Pruning
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Similarity Search in High Dimensions via Hashing
VLDB '99 Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
International Journal of Computer Vision
A Review of Audio Fingerprinting
Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems
Multimedia Security Technologies for Digital Rights Management
Multimedia Security Technologies for Digital Rights Management
Perceptual audio hashing functions
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Waveprint: Efficient wavelet-based audio fingerprinting
Pattern Recognition
A novel audio fingerprinting method robust to time scale modification and pitch shifting
Proceedings of the international conference on Multimedia
Chroma Binary Similarity and Local Alignment Applied to Cover Song Identification
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
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This study proposes an audio copy detection system that is robust to various attacks. These include the severe pitch shift and tempo change attacks which existing systems fail to detect. First, we propose a novel two dimensional representation for audio signals called the time-chroma image. This image is based on a modification of the concept of chroma in the music literature and is shown to achieve better performance in song identification. Then, we propose a novel fingerprinting algorithm that extracts local fingerprints from the time-chroma image. The proposed local fingerprinting algorithm is invariant to time/frequency scale changes in audio signals. It also outperforms existing methods like SIFT to a great extent. Finally, we introduce a song identification algorithm that uses the proposed fingerprints. The resulting copy detection system is shown to significantly outperform existing methods. Besides being able to detect whether a song (or a part of it) has been copied, the proposed system can accurately estimate the amount of pitch shift and/or tempo change that were applied to a song.