Learning automata: an introduction
Learning automata: an introduction
Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure, vol. 2: psychological and biological models
Nonmonotonic reasoning: logical foundations of common sense
Nonmonotonic reasoning: logical foundations of common sense
Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic: theory and applications
Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic: theory and applications
Nonmonotonic reasoning by inhibition nets
Artificial Intelligence
Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern
Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern
Learning Automata and Stochastic Optimization
Learning Automata and Stochastic Optimization
Varieties of learning automata: an overview
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Self-reference and chaos in fuzzy logic
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems
Modelling the dynamics of reasoning processes: Reasoning by assumption
Cognitive Systems Research
Socio-cognitive mechanisms of belief change
Cognitive Systems Research
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We show that logical paradoxes based on self-reference of which the Liar is the best known example are equivalent to the non-existence of solutions to a numerical system of equations, the so-called truth-value equations. Furthermore, we show that in many cases a self-referential system which does not posses a crisp Boolean solution can be solved by expanding the solution set to include fuzzy solutions. Then we formulate the computation of these fuzzy solutions as an optimization problem and, by numerical experiments, we demonstrate that teams of Learning Automata of a type intermediate between finite action and continuous action automata can be succesfully used to solve the optimization problem. In this manner, the combination of fuzzy logic and learning automata resolves a wide class of paradoxes.