Decomposition of some well-known variance reduction techniques
Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation
A guide to simulation (2nd ed.)
A guide to simulation (2nd ed.)
Simulating GI/G/k Queues in heavy traffic
Management Science
A Minimum Variance Sampling Technique for Simulation Models
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Communications of the ACM
Simulation Modeling and Analysis
Simulation Modeling and Analysis
Random samples with known sample statistics: With application to variance reduction
WSC '83 Proceedings of the 15th conference on Winter Simulation - Volume 2
WSC '83 Proceedings of the 15th conference on Winter Simulation - Volume 2
Using conditional expectation to reduce variance in discrete event simulation
WSC '79 Proceedings of the 11th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 1
Variance reduction techniques for simulating Markov chains
WSC '77 Proceedings of the 9th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 1
Conservation equations and variance reduction in queueing simulations
WSC '77 Proceedings of the 9th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 1
The use of antithetic control variates in computer simulations
WSC '81 Proceedings of the 13th conference on Winter simulation - Volume 1
Dynamic neighborhood bounding for Monte Carlo simulation
WSC '93 Proceedings of the 25th conference on Winter simulation
Variance reduction for simulation practitioners
WSC '87 Proceedings of the 19th conference on Winter simulation
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For analyzing stochastic models, simulation trades the tractability problems of analytical techniques for the problem of sampling variability. Variance reduction techniques (VRTs) attack this problem by transforming the simulation experiment in a way that makes it more statistically efficient. Unfortunately, VRTs are infrequently used, even though significant reductions are possible in practical problems. This tutorial introduces some basic concepts of variance reduction, and uses a new taxonomy of VRTs as the basis for an algorithm to select appropriate VRTs for general simulation experiments.