Digital payment systems enabling security and unobservability
Computers and Security
Communications of the ACM - Special issue on internetworking
NetCash: a design for practical electronic currency on the Internet
CCS '93 Proceedings of the 1st ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Untraceable off-line cash in wallet with observers
CRYPTO '93 Proceedings of the 13th annual international cryptology conference on Advances in cryptology
Atomicity in electronic commerce
PODC '96 Proceedings of the fifteenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
Cryptography's role in securing the information society
Cryptography's role in securing the information society
Trustee-based tracing extensions to anonymous cash and the making of anonymous change
Proceedings of the sixth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms
Issues in New Information Technology
Issues in New Information Technology
The ESPRIT Project CAFE - High Security Digital Payment Systems
ESORICS '94 Proceedings of the Third European Symposium on Research in Computer Security
CRYPTO '88 Proceedings of the 8th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
NetBill: An Internet commerce system optimized for network delivered services
COMPCON '95 Proceedings of the 40th IEEE Computer Society International Conference
A Theory of Distributed Time
Token and notational money in electronic commerce
WOEC'95 Proceedings of the 1st conference on USENIX Workshop on Electronic Commerce - Volume 1
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Atomicity is necessary for reliable electronic commerce transactions [12], [6], [26]. Anonymity is also an issue of great importance not only to designers of commerce systems, [8], [10], [9], [18], but also to those concerned with the societal effects of information technologies [2], [11], [19], [20], [21], providing atomicity and anonymity is not trivial. Reliable systems, which provide highly atomic transactions, offer limited anonymity [27], [23], [15], [13]. Many anonymous systems [22], [10], [18] do not offer anonymous reliable transactions [28], [26]. Three basic approaches have been used: secure hardware for trusted record-keeping (e.g., [1]), storage of identity information with trustees for conditional anonymity (e.g., [13]), or by providing dispute resolution only with the removal of anonymity [9], [22]. In this work, the problem of anonymous atomic transactions for a generic token currency is solved using distributed trust and with the assumption that any single party may be corrupt. Defined is a transaction to include the provision of information goods or a contract to deliver specified goods, allowing for the highest degree of atomicity. The cryptographic strength of the atomicity guarantee can be made to the user's specification on a per transaction basis. The atomicity-generating protocol includes provision for dispute resolution and anonymous refunds. Also illustrated, is that any electronic token currency can be made reliable with the addition of this atomicity-generating protocol.