Elements of information theory
Elements of information theory
A simulation study of forward error correction in ATM networks
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
SIGCOMM '92 Conference proceedings on Communications architectures & protocols
Fast lossy Internet image transmission
Proceedings of the third ACM international conference on Multimedia
On retransmission-based error control for continuous media traffic in packet-switching networks
Computer Networks and ISDN Systems - Theme issue: ITC 14 special sessions presentations
Error control using retransmission schemes in multicast transport protocols for real-time media
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Receiver-driven layered multicast
Conference proceedings on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Packet audio playout delay adjustment: performance bounds and algorithms
Multimedia Systems
Soft ARQ for Streaming Layered Multimedia
Soft ARQ for Streaming Layered Multimedia
Lifetime packet discard for efficient real-time transport over cellular links
ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review
An adaptive multiple retransmission technique for continuous media streams
NOSSDAV '04 Proceedings of the 14th international workshop on Network and operating systems support for digital audio and video
Modelling dependency in multimedia streams
MULTIMEDIA '06 Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Ant colony optimization based packet scheduler for peer-to-peer video streaming
IEEE Communications Letters
Rate-distortion optimized scheduling for redundant video representation
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Smooth control of adaptive media playout for video streaming
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Real-time smoothing for network adaptive video streaming
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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A growing and important class of traffic in the Internet is so-called “streaming media,” in which a server transmits a packetized multimedia signal to a receiver that buffers the packets for playback. This playback buffer, if adequately sized, counteracts the adverse impact of delay jitter and reordering suffered by packets as they traverse the network, and if large enough also allows lost packets to be retransmitted before their playback deadline expires. We call this framework for retransmitting lost streaming-media packets “soft ARQ” since it represents a relaxed form of Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ). While state-of-the-art media servers employ such strategies, no work to date has proposed an optimal strategy for delay-constrained retransmissions of streaming media—specifically, one which determines what is the optimal packet to transmit at any given point in time. In this paper, we address this issue and present a framework for streaming media retransmission based on layered media representations, in which a signal is decomposed into a discrete number of layers and each successive layer provides enhanced quality. In our approach, the source chooses between transmitting (1) newer but critical coarse information (e.g., a first approximation of the media signal) and (2) older but less important refinement information (e.g., added details) using a decision process that minimizes the expected signal distortion at the receiver. To arrive at the proper mix of these two extreme strategies, we derive an optimal strategy for transmitting layered data over a binary erasure channel with instantaneous feedback. To provide a quantitative performance comparison of different transmission policies, we conduct a Markov-chain analysis, which shows that the best transmission policy is time-invariant and thus does not change as the frames' layers approach their expiration times.