Multicast routing in datagram internetworks and extended LANs
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
IP-based protocols for mobile internetworking
SIGCOMM '91 Proceedings of the conference on Communications architecture & protocols
SIGCOMM '93 Conference proceedings on Communications architectures, protocols and applications
An architecture for wide-area multicast routing
SIGCOMM '94 Proceedings of the conference on Communications architectures, protocols and applications
Towards an active network architecture
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Fast and scalable handoffs for wireless internetworks
MobiCom '96 Proceedings of the 2nd annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Mobile multicast (MoM) protocol: multicast support for mobile hosts
MobiCom '97 Proceedings of the 3rd annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
SIGCOMM '97 Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM '97 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
An architecture for active networking
HPN '97 Proceedings of the IFIP TC6 seventh international conference on High performance netwoking VII
A framework for delivering multicast message in networks with mobile hosts
Mobile Networks and Applications - Special issue: routing in mobile communications networks
Supporting IP multicast for mobile hosts
Mobile Networks and Applications - ACM/Kluwer special issue on wireless internet and intranet access
Designing a Videoconference System for Active Networks
MA '98 Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Mobile Agents
Mobile IP-based multicast as a service for mobile hosts
SDNE '95 Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Services in Distributed and Networked Environments
A survey of active network research
IEEE Communications Magazine
Active network support for multicast applications
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking
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Active networks (ANs) are a new paradigm in computer networking. In ANs, programs can be injected into routers and switches to extend the functionalities of the network. This allows programmers to enhance existing protocols and enables the rapid deploymentof new protocols. Little work has been done in the area of multicast routing in heterogeneous environments. In this paper, we propose AMTree, an AN-based multicast tree that is bidirectional, optimizable on demand and adaptive to source migration. We show how ANs can be exploited to enable multicast tree to be modified and optimized efficiently. By filtering unnecessary signaling messages, maintaining minimal storage at routers and incorporating features from shared-tree methods we are able to achieve a scalable solution. Furthermore, we introduce an AN-based optimisation algorithm that is executed on demand by receivers. Besides that we introduce a fast rejoin protocol for receiver migration that makes no assumptions about the existence of multicast services in foreign networks. The performance of AMTree is compared to those of the bidirectional home agent (HA) method and the remote subscription method. We found that compared to the bidirectional HA method AMTree has a much lower handoff and end-to-end latency. Unlike the bidirectional HA method where end-to-end latency increases as the mobile host (MH) migrates further away from its HA, AMTree's latency remains fairly constant. We found that after optimization, the resulting tree's end-to-end latency to be comparable to the remote subscription method but without the need for building a new multicast tree after each handoff.