Partonomic reasoning as taxonomic reasoning in medicine
AAAI '99/IAAI '99 Proceedings of the sixteenth national conference on Artificial intelligence and the eleventh Innovative applications of artificial intelligence conference innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems; Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project
Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems; Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project
Knowledge Acquisition Tools for Expert Systems
Knowledge Acquisition Tools for Expert Systems
Supporting a humanly impossible task: The clinical human computer environment
INTERACT '90 Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Third Interational Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
An Ontological Analysis of Surgical Deeds
AIME '97 Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine in Europe
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
The description logic handbook
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Knowledge capture
Using OWL to model biological knowledge
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
In situ migration of handcrafted ontologies to reason-able forms
Data & Knowledge Engineering
ESWC '07 Proceedings of the 4th European conference on The Semantic Web: Research and Applications
Desiderata for ontologies to be used in semantic annotation of biomedical documents
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
Ontology development for unified traditional Chinese medical language system
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Uniting formal and informal descriptive power: Reconciling ontologies with folksonomies
International Journal of Information Management: The Journal for Information Professionals
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The GALEN programme has been developing medical ontologies collaboratively for nearly a decade. The ontologies are large and formulated in a specialised description logic, GRAIL. The programme is a broad collaboration of over a dozen groups, most with no prior experience of developing formal ontologies. The programme has developed a methodology for loosely coupled development using layers of intermediate representations, guidelines and tools which minimises training requirements for domain experts and effort by central knowledge engineers. Issues arise both from problems in formal representations and from the idiosyncrasies of the medical domain. Issues dealt with include 'tangled' taxonomies, part-whole and locative relationships, defaults and exceptions, semantic normalisation, and the difference between medical convention and strict logical criteria for correctness.