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Progress in microprocessor and communication system technology is leading to the emergence of new large scale distributed architectures whose power increases proportionally to the number of processor elements. Such architectures support execution of traditional distributed applications based on the client-server paradigm as well as parallel applications. Among other consequences, this framework requires the design of distributed operating systems that exhibit good performance for a wide range of applications. One way to achieve this consists of weakening the semantics of system functions, and to customize them to implement stronger semantics that match the applications' needs. Customization in distributed systems must be achieved in a safe and efficient way. The safety property relates to the fact that a customized function must implement a stronger semantics than that of the base function. Efficiency of a customization mechanism is evaluated in terms of the performance penalty resulting from the invocation of a customized function instead of the base function; ideally, the penalty should equal the execution cost due to the added functionality as if it were directly supported by the underlying distributed system.This paper addresses support for safe and efficient customization in distributed systems at the design and implementation levels. Linguistic paradigms aimed at facilitating the design of safe customization are sketched in Section 2. In particular, we argue that behavioral subtyping, used in strongly-typed, object-oriented programming languages, helps the user to achieve safe customization: it can be used to reason about the strengthening of function semantics. Section 3 then addresses operating system support for implementing safe and efficient customization. Finally, Section 4 gives an overview of our current and future work that relates to the design and implementation of both linguistic and operating system paradigms aimed at safe and efficient customization within distributed systems.