Petr nets, algebras, morphisms, and compositionality
Information and Computation
Problems concerning fairness and temporal logic for conflict-free Petri nets
Theoretical Computer Science
Information and Computation
Fast planning through planning graph analysis
Artificial Intelligence
Woflan: a Petri-net-based workflow analyzer
Systems Analysis Modelling Simulation
ConGolog, a concurrent programming language based on the situation calculus
Artificial Intelligence
Computational complexity of planning and approximate planning in the presence of incompleteness
Artificial Intelligence
Knowlege in action: logical foundations for specifying and implementing dynamical systems
Knowlege in action: logical foundations for specifying and implementing dynamical systems
BizTalk Server: The Complete Reference with Cdrom
BizTalk Server: The Complete Reference with Cdrom
IEEE Intelligent Systems
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Reasoning About Actions in Narrative Understanding
IJCAI '99 Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Unifying SAT-based and Graph-based Planning
IJCAI '99 Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Complexity Results for 1-safe Nets
Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science
Shortest Paths in Reachability Graphs
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Application and Theory of Petri Nets
Modeling and Enactment of Workflow Systems
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Application and Theory of Petri Nets
Web Services: Been There, Done That?
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Bringing Semantics to Web Services
IEEE Intelligent Systems
The Semantic Web: A Killer App for AI?
AIMSA '02 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, and Applications
DAML-S: Web Service Description for the Semantic Web
ISWC '02 Proceedings of the First International Semantic Web Conference on The Semantic Web
Concurrent Execution Semantics of DAML-S with Subtypes
ISWC '02 Proceedings of the First International Semantic Web Conference on The Semantic Web
Conversation specification: a new approach to design and analysis of e-service composition
WWW '03 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on World Wide Web
Ontology support for web service processes
Proceedings of the 9th European software engineering conference held jointly with 11th ACM SIGSOFT international symposium on Foundations of software engineering
Toward High-Precision Service Retrieval
IEEE Internet Computing
Augmenting semantic web service descriptions with compositional specification
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web
Analysis of interacting BPEL web services
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web
Model checking XML manipulating software
ISSTA '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGSOFT international symposium on Software testing and analysis
Tools for design of composite Web services
SIGMOD '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Modelling and verifying web service orchestration by means of the concurrency workbench
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
A taxonomy for multimedia service composition
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
XML-based modeling and simulation: web service technologies and their synergy with simulation
Proceedings of the 34th conference on Winter simulation: exploring new frontiers
Current Solutions for Web Service Composition
IEEE Internet Computing
Automated composition of e-services: lookaheads
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Service oriented computing
Developing Ambient Intelligence Systems: A Solution based on Web Services
Automated Software Engineering
Specification and verification of data-driven web services
PODS '04 Proceedings of the twenty-third ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART symposium on Principles of database systems
WWW '05 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on World Wide Web
Design for verification for asynchronously communicating Web services
WWW '05 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on World Wide Web
Facilitating the rapid development and scalable orchestration of composite web services
Distributed and Parallel Databases
Composition and evaluation of trustworthy Web Services
BSN '05 Proceedings of the IEEE EEE05 international workshop on Business services networks
A verifier for interactive, data-driven web applications
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Applying model checking to BPEL4WS business collaborations
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Resolution and Constraint Propagation for Semantic Web Services Discovery
Distributed and Parallel Databases
Tools for composite web services: a short overview
ACM SIGMOD Record
A Semantic Web Services Architecture
IEEE Internet Computing
Towards building large scale multimedia systems and applications: challenges and status
Proceedings of the first ACM international workshop on Multimedia service composition
A visual language and environment for composing web services
Proceedings of the 20th IEEE/ACM international Conference on Automated software engineering
Putting FrameNet data into the ISO linguistic annotation framework
LingAnnot ;03 Proceedings of the ACL 2003 workshop on Linguistic annotation: getting the model right - Volume 19
Analysis of communication models in web service compositions
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web
One document to bind them: combining XML, web services, and the semantic web
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web
Verification of communicating data-driven web services
Proceedings of the twenty-fifth ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART symposium on Principles of database systems
Representing, analysing and managing web service protocols
Data & Knowledge Engineering - Special issue: ER 2004
Context-based matching for Web service composition
Distributed and Parallel Databases
A robotic service framework supporting automated integration of ubiquitous sensors and devices
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Specification and verification of data-driven Web applications
Journal of Computer and System Sciences
WSCPC: an architecture using semantic web services for collaborative product commerce
Computers in Industry - Special issue: Collaborative environments for concurrent engineering
Collaborative And Proactive Data Agent For Distributed Design Environments
Journal of Integrated Design & Process Science - Computer Supported Cooperative Work In Design
Verification of web service descriptions using graph-based traversal algorithms
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on Applied computing
A Component-Based Approach to Automated Web Service Composition
WI '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence
Leveraging Semantic Web technologies for business component specification
Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web
Bringing Semantics to Web Services with OWL-S
World Wide Web
A probabilistic approach to modeling and estimating the QoS of web-services-based workflows
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Toward verification of commitment protocols and their compositions
Proceedings of the 6th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Classification of the state-of-the-art dynamic web services composition techniques
International Journal of Web and Grid Services
A conceptual architecture for semantic web services development and deployment
International Journal of Web and Grid Services
A survey on web services composition
International Journal of Web and Grid Services
Providing web services to mobile users: the architecture design of an m-service portal
International Journal of Mobile Communications
Towards the composition of stateful and independent semantic web services
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied computing
A framework for ensuring consistency of Web Services Transactions
Information and Software Technology
Distributed automatic service composition in large-scale systems
Proceedings of the second international conference on Distributed event-based systems
Semantic matchmaking of web services using model checking
Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems - Volume 1
Information and Software Technology
A Survey of Formal Verification for Business Process Modeling
ICCS '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Computational Science, Part II
An Extensible Virtual Digital Libraries Generator
ECDL '08 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
Dynamic composition and optimization of Web services
Distributed and Parallel Databases
Minimum-cost delegation in service composition
Theoretical Computer Science
Specifying and enforcing high-level semantic obligation policies
Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web
Dynamic Web Services Provisioning with Constraints
OTM '08 Proceedings of the OTM 2008 Confederated International Conferences, CoopIS, DOA, GADA, IS, and ODBASE 2008. Part I on On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems:
Timed Properties-Aware Asynchronous Web Service Composition
OTM '08 Proceedings of the OTM 2008 Confederated International Conferences, CoopIS, DOA, GADA, IS, and ODBASE 2008. Part I on On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems:
OTM '08 Proceedings of the OTM 2008 Confederated International Conferences, CoopIS, DOA, GADA, IS, and ODBASE 2008. Part I on On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems:
An Ontology-Based Approach to Validation of E-Services under Static and Dynamic Constraints
OTM '08 Proceedings of the OTM 2008 Confederated International Conferences, CoopIS, DOA, GADA, IS, and ODBASE 2008. Part I on On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems:
Artifact-Centric Business Process Models: Brief Survey of Research Results and Challenges
OTM '08 Proceedings of the OTM 2008 Confederated International Conferences, CoopIS, DOA, GADA, IS, and ODBASE 2008. Part II on On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems
Protocol-Based Web Service Composition
ICSOC '08 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing
A Planning-Based Approach for the Automated Configuration of the Enterprise Service Bus
ICSOC '08 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing
Predicting and Learning Executability of Composite Web Services
ICSOC '08 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing
Semantic Web Service Selection at the Process-Level: The eBay/Amazon/PayPal Case Study
WI-IAT '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology - Volume 01
A Fault Taxonomy for Web Service Composition
Service-Oriented Computing - ICSOC 2007 Workshops
From OWL-S Descriptions to Petri Nets
Service-Oriented Computing - ICSOC 2007 Workshops
A Formal Model of Business Application Integration from Web Services (Position Paper)
SOFSEM '09 Proceedings of the 35th Conference on Current Trends in Theory and Practice of Computer Science
Automatic construction of simple artifact-based business processes
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Database Theory
Automatic verification of data-centric business processes
Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Database Theory
Having Services "YourWay!": Towards User-Centric Composition of Mobile Services
Future Internet --- FIS 2008
Leveraging Semantic Web Service Descriptions for Validation by Automated Functional Testing
ESWC 2009 Heraklion Proceedings of the 6th European Semantic Web Conference on The Semantic Web: Research and Applications
The frame problem in Web service specifications
PESOS '09 Proceedings of the 2009 ICSE Workshop on Principles of Engineering Service Oriented Systems
A formal model for Web service composition
Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Leading the Web in Concurrent Engineering: Next Generation Concurrent Engineering
Synthesis and Composition of Web Services
Formal Methods for Web Services
Tightly Coupled Probabilistic Description Logic Programs for the Semantic Web
Journal on Data Semantics XII
Web Service Composition via the Customization of Golog Programs with User Preferences
Conceptual Modeling: Foundations and Applications
A planning approach for message-oriented semantic web service composition
AAAI'07 Proceedings of the 22nd national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Automated Web Service Composition: A Decentralised Multi-agent Approach
WI-IAT '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology - Volume 01
Composition of engineering web services with distributed data-flows and computations
Advanced Engineering Informatics
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Automated composition of web services by planning at the knowledge level
IJCAI'05 Proceedings of the 19th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence
A semantic handling of geological modeling workflows
Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems
Mashup-based information retrieval for domain experts
Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Information and knowledge management
MARIO: middleware for assembly and deployment of multi-platform flow-based applications
Proceedings of the 10th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Conference on Middleware
Planning-based configuration and management of distributed systems
IM'09 Proceedings of the 11th IFIP/IEEE international conference on Symposium on Integrated Network Management
An Integrated Declarative Approach to Web Services Composition and Monitoring
WISE '09 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering
Artifact-Centric Workflow Dominance
ICSOC-ServiceWave '09 Proceedings of the 7th International Joint Conference on Service-Oriented Computing
A Petri Nets based functional validation for services composition
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Finite-state verification of the ebXML protocol
Electronic Commerce Research and Applications
A Formal Approach to Service Specification and Matching based on Graph Transformation
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
Formalizing Web Service Choreographies
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
Requirements-Driven Verification of Web Services
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
Model-Checking Behavioral Specification of BPEL Applications
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
An Overview of Semantic Web Services Composition Approaches
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
Specialization of Interaction Protocols in a Temporal Action Logic
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
Automated composition of Web services via planning in asynchronous domains
Artificial Intelligence
Annotation, composition and invocation of semantic web services
Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web
HTN planning for Web Service composition using SHOP2
Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web
An ontological account of action in processes and plans
Knowledge-Based Systems
Beyond soundness: on the verification of semantic business process models
Distributed and Parallel Databases
Dependability in the web services architecture
Architecting dependable systems
On the semantics of service compositions
RR'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Web reasoning and rule systems
Web services discovery and constraints composition
RR'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Web reasoning and rule systems
Towards web services composition based on the mining and reasoning of their causal relationships
APWeb/WAIM'07 Proceedings of the joint 9th Asia-Pacific web and 8th international conference on web-age information management conference on Advances in data and web management
A framework for contract-based collaborative verification and validation of web services
CBSE'07 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Component-based software engineering
Exploiting assumption-based verification for the adaptation of service-based applications
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing
Formal specification of OWL-S with object-Z: the dynamic aspect
WISE'07 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Web information systems engineering
OWL-S atomic services composition with SWRL rules
ISMIS'08 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Foundations of intelligent systems
Model transformation and formal verification for Semantic Web Services composition
Advances in Engineering Software
WSMO choreography: from abstract state machines to concurrent transaction logic
ESWC'08 Proceedings of the 5th European semantic web conference on The semantic web: research and applications
Experiences with codifying event processing function patterns
Proceedings of the Fourth ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems
Specification and verification of multi-user data-driven web applications
WS-FM'09 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Web services and formal methods
A Decentralized Self-Organizing Service Composition for Autonomic Entities
ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems (TAAS)
Artifact systems with data dependencies and arithmetic
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Database Theory
Comparing workflow specification languages: a matter of views
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Database Theory
Modeling and reasoning about service behaviors and their compositions
ISoLA'10 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Leveraging applications of formal methods, verification, and validation - Volume Part II
Temporal specifications for services with unboundedly many passive clients
ICDCN'11 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Distributed computing and networking
Integrity validation in semantic engineering design environment
Computers in Industry
Service research challenges and solutions for the future internet
Verifying mediated service interactions considering expected behaviours
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Automatic Web service composition based on Horn clauses and Petri nets
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
A user centric service-oriented modeling approach
World Wide Web
A semantic web services-based infrastructure for ubiquitous service systems
Journal of Web Engineering
Simulation-based performance analysis of channel-based coordination models
COORDINATION'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Coordination models and languages
A developer-friendly approach for the validation of dynamic compositions
SAM'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on System analysis and modeling: about models
SWRL rules plan encoding with OWL-S composite services
ISMIS'11 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Foundations of intelligent systems
Digital Ecosystems: Ecosystem-Oriented Architectures
Natural Computing: an international journal
Automatic verification of data-centric business processes
BPM'11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Business process management
On the computational complexity of behavioral description-based web service composition
Theoretical Computer Science
Towards a unified model for web services composition
ASIAN'05 Proceedings of the 10th Asian Computing Science conference on Advances in computer science: data management on the web
Modeling web services based on the bayesian network
ASIAN'05 Proceedings of the 10th Asian Computing Science conference on Advances in computer science: data management on the web
Context-sensitive user interfaces for semantic services
ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)
Towards a formal verification of OWL-S process models
ISWC'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on The Semantic Web
When are two web services compatible?
TES'04 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Technologies for E-Services
A plug-in tool for composing web services for applications development
ISPA'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Frontiers of High Performance Computing and Networking
A minimalist approach to semantic annotations for web processes compositions
ESWC'06 Proceedings of the 3rd European conference on The Semantic Web: research and applications
Towards the testing of composed web services in 3rd generation networks
TestCom'06 Proceedings of the 18th IFIP TC6/WG6.1 international conference on Testing of Communicating Systems
Semantic-Based grid workflow composition
PPAM'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics
Transformation-Driven development of composite web services
ISPA'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing and Applications
A framework for the development and execution of horizontal protocols in open BPM systems
BPM'06 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Business Process Management
Towards formal verification of web service composition
BPM'06 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Business Process Management
Agent technology and generic workflow management in an e-science environment
GCC'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Grid and Cooperative Computing
Maintaining consistency under isolation relaxation of web services transactions
WISE'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Web Information Systems Engineering
QoS-Driven web service composition with inter service conflicts
APWeb'06 Proceedings of the 8th Asia-Pacific Web conference on Frontiers of WWW Research and Development
Reasoning about web services in a temporal action logic
Reasoning, Action and Interaction in AI Theories and Systems
A constraint-based approach to horizontal web service composition
ISWC'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on The Semantic Web
A formal model for semantic web service composition
ISWC'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on The Semantic Web
Web service composition via generic procedures and customizing user preferences
ISWC'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on The Semantic Web
Resolution of semantic queries on a set of web services
DEXA'05 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications
EC-Web'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on E-Commerce and Web Technologies
Process-Level composition of executable web services: ”on-the-fly” versus ”once-for-all” composition
ESWC'05 Proceedings of the Second European conference on The Semantic Web: research and Applications
BPM'05 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Business Process Management
Dynamic agent composition from semantic web services
SWDB'04 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Semantic Web and Databases
Exploring the flexible workflow technology to automate service composition
ASWC'06 Proceedings of the First Asian conference on The Semantic Web
Web service mining and verification of properties: an approach based on event calculus
ODBASE'06/OTM'06 Proceedings of the 2006 Confederated international conference on On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: CoopIS, DOA, GADA, and ODBASE - Volume Part I
Mobeet: a multi-agent framework for ubiquitous information systems
AOIS'04 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Agent-Oriented Information Systems II
Contract-based web service composition framework with correctness guarantees
ISAS'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Service Availability
A compositional operational semantics for OWL-S
EPEW'05/WS-FM'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on European Performance Engineering, and Web Services and Formal Methods, international conference on Formal Techniques for Computer Systems and Business Processes
A parametric communication model for the verification of BPEL4WS compositions
EPEW'05/WS-FM'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on European Performance Engineering, and Web Services and Formal Methods, international conference on Formal Techniques for Computer Systems and Business Processes
A survey of automated web service composition methods
SWSWPC'04 Proceedings of the First international conference on Semantic Web Services and Web Process Composition
A formal model for service-oriented interactions
Science of Computer Programming
Ad hoc composition of user tasks in pervasive computing environments
SC'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Software Composition
Conversation-based specification and composition of agent services
CIA'06 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Cooperative Information Agents
Web service composition: an approach using effect-based reasoning
ICSOC'06 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Service-oriented computing
Managing many web service compositions by task decomposition and service quality evaluation
PAKM'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management
Semantic web-based modeling of clinical pathways using the UML activity diagrams and OWL-S
KR4HC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 AIME international conference on Knowledge Representation for Health-Care: data, Processes and Guidelines
Verifying web services composition
ER'05 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Perspectives in Conceptual Modeling
A logical approach to data-aware automated sequence generation
Transactions on Computational Science XV
Comparing workflow specification languages: A matter of views
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)
Adaptive web transactions: an approach for achieving the atomicity of composed web services
EuroWeb'02 Proceedings of the 2002 international conference on EuroWeb
Optimal Adapter Creation for Process Composition in Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Communication
ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems (TMIS)
Predictive self-healing of web services using health score
Journal of Web Engineering
A Family of Dynamic Description Logics for Representing and Reasoning About Actions
Journal of Automated Reasoning
Formal analysis of safety-critical system simulations
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Application and Theory of Automation in Command and Control Systems
Artifact systems with data dependencies and arithmetic
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)
SAP speaks PDDL: exploiting a software-engineering model for planning in business process management
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Checking correctness of services modeled as priced timed automata
ISoLA'12 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation: applications and case studies - Volume Part II
Satisfying agent goals by executing different task semantics: HTN, OWL-S or plug one yourself
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
Interoperable Semantic and Syntactic Service Discovery for Ambient Computing Environments
International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence
Specifying and Composing Web Services with an Environment Ontology-Based Approach
International Journal of Web Services Research
Agent-based Cloud service composition
Applied Intelligence
Efficient anytime algorithm for large-scale QoS-aware web service composition
International Journal of Web and Grid Services
Identifying incompatible service implementations using pooled decision trees
Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing
Cascading verification: an integrated method for domain-specific model checking
Proceedings of the 2013 9th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering
Web service execution model for cloud environment
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
GOS: a global optimal selection strategies for QoS-aware web services composition
Service Oriented Computing and Applications
Decentralized multi-agent service composition
Multiagent and Grid Systems
Information Sciences: an International Journal
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Web services -- Web-accessible programs and devices - are a key application area for the Semantic Web. With the proliferation of Web services and the evolution towards the Semantic Web comes the opportunity to automate various Web services tasks. Our objective is to enable markup and automated reasoning technology to describe, simulate, compose, test, and verify compositions of Web services. We take as our starting point the DAML-S DAML+OIL ontology for describing the capabilities of Web services. We define the semantics for a relevant subset of DAML-S in terms of a first-order logical language. With the semantics in hand, we encode our service descriptions in a Petri Net formalism and provide decision procedures for Web service simulation, verification and composition. We also provide an analysis of the complexity of these tasks under different restrictions to the DAML-S composite services we can describe. Finally, we present an implementation of our analysis techniques. This implementation takes as input a DAML-S description of a Web service, automatically generates a Petri Net and performs the desired analysis. Such a tool has broad applicability both as a back end to existing manual Web service composition tools, and as a stand-alone tool for Web service developers.