Artificial intelligence: the very idea
Artificial intelligence: the very idea
Mind design
The artificial intelligence debate: false starts, real foundations
The artificial intelligence debate: false starts, real foundations
Making a mind versus modeling the brain: aritifical intelligence back at a branchpoint
The artificial intelligence debate: false starts, real foundations
Natural and artificial intelligence
The artificial intelligence debate: false starts, real foundations
Real brains and artificial intelligence
The artificial intelligence debate: false starts, real foundations
Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 1: foundations
The rediscovery of the mind
What computers still can't do: a critique of artificial reason
What computers still can't do: a critique of artificial reason
Artificial intelligence: a modern approach
Artificial intelligence: a modern approach
Computer science as empirical inquiry: symbols and search
Communications of the ACM
Matter and Consciousness
Understanding Natural Language
Understanding Natural Language
Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry
Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry
Tractatus Logico Philosophicus (Routledge Classics) (Routledge Classics)
Tractatus Logico Philosophicus (Routledge Classics) (Routledge Classics)
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The purpose of this article is to show why consciousness and thought are not manifested in digital computers. Analyzing the rationale for claiming that the formal manipulation of physical symbols in Turing machines would emulate human thought, the article attempts to show why this proved false. This is because the reinterpretation of ’designation‘ and ’meaning‘ to accommodate physical symbol manipulation eliminated their crucial functions in human discourse. Words have denotations and intensional meanings because the brain transforms the physical stimuli received from the microworld into a qualitative, macroscopic representation for consciousness. Lacking this capacity as programmed machines, computers have no representations for their symbols to designate and mean. Unlike human beings in which consciousness and thought, with their inherent content, have emerged because of their organic natures, serial processing computers or parallel distributed processing systems, as programmed electrical machines, lack these causal capacities.