A blackboard architecture for control
Artificial Intelligence
SOAR: an architecture for general intelligence
Artificial Intelligence
Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems: networks of plausible inference
Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems: networks of plausible inference
Synthesizing information-tracing automata from environment descriptions
Proceedings of the first international conference on Principles of knowledge representation and reasoning
Proceedings of the first international conference on Principles of knowledge representation and reasoning
Probabilistic similarity networks
Probabilistic similarity networks
Multi-sensor fusion: fundamentals and applications with software
Multi-sensor fusion: fundamentals and applications with software
Selected Papers on Sensor and Data Fusion
Selected Papers on Sensor and Data Fusion
Mathematical Techniques in Multisensor Data Fusion
Mathematical Techniques in Multisensor Data Fusion
Multisensor Data Fusion
Simplicity and Robustness of Fast and Frugal Heuristics
Minds and Machines
Network fragments
Constructing situation specific belief networks
UAI'98 Proceedings of the Fourteenth conference on Uncertainty in artificial intelligence
Network fragments: representing knowledge for constructing probabilistic models
UAI'97 Proceedings of the Thirteenth conference on Uncertainty in artificial intelligence
Network engineering for complex belief networks
UAI'96 Proceedings of the Twelfth international conference on Uncertainty in artificial intelligence
Simple Inference Heuristics versus Complex Decision Machines
Minds and Machines
MEBN: A language for first-order Bayesian knowledge bases
Artificial Intelligence
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Information is a force multiplier. Knowledge of the enemy's capability and intentions may be of far more value to a military force than additional troops or firepower. Situation assessment is the ongoing process of inferring relevant information about the forces of concern in a military situation. Relevant information can include force types, firepower, location, and past, present and future course of action. Situation assessment involves the incorporation of uncertain evidence from diverse sources. These include photographs, radar scans, and other forms of image intelligence, or IMINT; electronics intelligence, or ELINT, derived from characteristics (e.g., wavelength) of emissions generated by enemy equipment; communications intelligence, or COMINT, derived from the characteristics of messages sent by the enemy; and reports from human informants (HUMINT). These sources must be combined to form a model of the situation. The sheer volume of data, the ubiquity of uncertainty, the number and complexity of hypotheses to consider, the high-stakes environment, the compressed time frame, and deception and damage from hostile forces, combine to present a staggeringly complex problem. Even if one could formulate a decision problem in reasonable time, explicit determination of an optimal decision policy exceeds any reasonable computational resources. While it is tempting to drop any attempt at rational analysis and rely purely on simple heuristics, we argue that this can lead to catastrophic outcomes. We present an architecture for a ``complex decision machine'' that performs rational deliberation to make decisions in real time. We argue that resource limits require such an architecture to be grounded in simple heuristic reactive processes. We thus argue that both simple heuristics and complex decision machines are required for effective decision making in real time for complex problems. We describe an implementation of our architecture applied to the problem of military situation assessment.