The high performance Fortran handbook
The high performance Fortran handbook
Programming with threads
Co-array Fortran for parallel programming
ACM SIGPLAN Fortran Forum
MPI: The Complete Reference
Execution model of three parallel languages: OpenMP, UPC and CAF
Scientific Programming - International Symposium of Parallel and Distributed Computing & International Workshop on Algorithms, Models and Tools for Parallel Computing on Heterogenous Networks
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Co-Array Fortran, formally called F−−, is a small set of extensions to Fortran 90/95 for Single-Program-Multiple-Data (SPMD) parallel processing. OpenMP Fortran is a set of compiler directives that provide a high level interface to threads in Fortran, with both thread-local and thread-shared memory. OpenMP is primarily designed for loop-level directive-based parallelization, but it can also be used for SPMD programs by spawning multiple threads as soon as the program starts and having each thread then execute the same code independently for the duration of the run. The similarities and differences between these two SPMD programming models are described.Co-Array Fortran can be implemented using either threads or processes, and is therefore applicable to a wider range of machine types than OpenMP Fortran. It has also been designed from the ground up to support the SPMD programming style. To simplify the implementation of Co-Array Fortran, a formal Subset is introduced that allows the mapping of co-arrays onto standard Fortran arrays of higher rank. An OpenMP Fortran compiler can be extended to support Subset Co-Array Fortran with relatively little effort.