IBM's early computers
The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society
The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society
ICL: a business and technical history
ICL: a business and technical history
Computing before computers
Herman Hollerith: Forgotten Giant of Information Processing
Herman Hollerith: Forgotten Giant of Information Processing
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
The Way to the First Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator: The 1935 DEHOMAG D 11 Tabulator
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
Locating the Victims: The Nonrole of Punched Card Technology and Census Work
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
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This article describes the application of punched-card machinery for data processing at the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics (DCBS) between 1899 and the mid-1960s. It demonstrates that the increasing replacement of manual data processing by these machines was not stimulated primarily by their technical improvement, but by specific changes in the bureau's statistical program. Attention is paid to the influence of the labor market, organization of labor in data processing, and the establishment of a special data processing department, paving the way for the introduction of the digital computer. The development of the statistical program of the DCBS is related to its wider social context.