A guide to expert systems
Qualitative reasoning about physical systems
Qualitative reasoning about physical systems
Object oriented programming: an evolutionary approach
Object oriented programming: an evolutionary approach
Entity modeling: techniques and application
Entity modeling: techniques and application
Optimizing Real-Time Equational Rule-Based Systems
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
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The Mission Operations Directorate (MOD) at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) is responsible for the safe operation and mission success of manned space flights. The MITRE Corporation, working with MOD, is developing requirements for the Operations Management System (OMS) to automate many aspects of flight control for the Space Station onboard systems. To help develop these requirements, the Integrated Status Assessment (ISA) expert system prototype was built to perform Station-wide failure diagnosis. This paper describes the OMS, how the ISA prototype was built, and how the prototype is being used to help define the OMS.Currently the Space Shuttle is managed on the ground using a hierarchy of control personnel. A flight director responsible for the overall Shuttle mission, a number of front room flight controllers are each responsible for a different system, and many back room controllers support various front room controllers. This system has been used since the early days of space flight and is very manpower intensive. A similar hierarchy is seen in an automated system for the Space Station. The back room controllers can be augmented with smart components and sensors on the Station and the front room controllers can have their jobs aided with expert systems. At the highest level is the OMS which works at the flight director level getting summary information from the various systems in the Station. The OMS will include onboard automation, ground based automation, onboard manual operations, and ground based operations. One of the functions of the OMS is to perform a Station-wide status assessment and failure diagnosis of the Station. This Station-wide view is very important because all of the systems interact with each other and a failure in one system will have impacts on the other systems.It became evident early in discussion with to the MOD flight controllers that prototypes would be very helpful in the process of gathering requirements for the OMS. The prototypes were used to gather additional requirements, to expose people to new ideas and technologies, and study the feasibility of these technologies for systems management.Because the task of assessing the status of space vehicles is a complex job that requires “expert” knowledge to find heuristic solutions to problems, an expert system approach was chosen to prototype the ISA system. The initial domain of the expert system was the KU band portion of the communications and tracking system (one of the onboard “core” Space Station Systems).The ISA prototype expert system consists of a knowledge base, an inference engine, and a user interface. The ISA system was designed as a hybrid expert system using different methodologies: object-oriented programming, rule-based programming using both shallow and deep reasoning, and qualitative modeling. The ISA prototype has been very successful in its goals. ISA has demonstrated new technology and ideas to the NASA operations community, helped define requirements for the OMS, and shown the feasibility of using hierarchical expert systems to monitor complex systems. The ISA prototype, along with other OMS prototypes, are being integrated in a test bed environment with other space station prototypes to form the Space Station Information System (SSIS) End-to-end Test Capability (ETC) which will have components all over the world. The results of the ETC will influence the Space Station design and be a test environment for software and hardware for years to come.