Logics of time and computation
Logics of time and computation
Rules of encounter: designing conventions for automated negotiation among computers
Rules of encounter: designing conventions for automated negotiation among computers
Descriptive dynamic logic and its application to reflective architectures
Future Generation Computer Systems - Special double issue: reflection and meta-level AI architectures
Communication and Concurrency
Modeling Reactive Systems with Statecharts: The Statemate Approach
Modeling Reactive Systems with Statecharts: The Statemate Approach
Satisfying Requirements for Electronic Commerce
TREC '98 Proceedings of the International IFIP/GI Working Conference on Trends in Distributed Systems for Electronic Commerce
Towards Layered Dialogical Agents
ECAI '96 Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Agents III, Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages
Semantical consideration on floyo-hoare logic
SFCS '76 Proceedings of the 17th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
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Negotiation can be considered to be an important aspect of commerce. It is part of those wider dynamic processes whereby commercial goals are achieved by the parties to a contract. Overt negotiation, as deal making, is often suppressed by agreed rules of encounter, but it is rarely absent altogether. In this paper, while recognising the need for more complete logics to represent both states and processes with abstraction, we start to build a more formal link between negotiation and Artificial Intelligence. We illustrate the use of dynamic logic to specify a shopping scenario between a retailer and a customer agent. The negotiation that arises in such a scenario can follow one of the negotiation models described. From a given negotiation model we obtain the corresponding negotiation protocol. These formulations have allowed us to remove inconsistencies and ambiguities in less formal models and to suppress issues such as concurrency. Finally, we discuss how an agent, given that it has mental states and a library of plans, can find a path for negotiation that will not only be successful in achieving its goal but also be optimal.