The theory of database concurrency control
The theory of database concurrency control
Concurrency control and recovery in database systems
Concurrency control and recovery in database systems
Local atomicity properties: modular concurrency control for abstract data types
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS)
Federated database systems for managing distributed, heterogeneous, and autonomous databases
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) - Special issue on heterogeneous databases
Interoperability of multiple autonomous databases
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) - Special issue on heterogeneous databases
On rigorous Transaction Scheduling
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Transaction management in multidatabase systems
Modern database systems
Object-oriented multidatabase systems: a solution for advanced applications
Object-oriented multidatabase systems: a solution for advanced applications
A critique of ANSI SQL isolation levels
SIGMOD '95 Proceedings of the 1995 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Multidatabase Systems: An Advance Solution for Global Information Sharing
Multidatabase Systems: An Advance Solution for Global Information Sharing
Overview of multidatabase transaction management
The VLDB Journal — The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases
Using Tickets to Enforce the Serializability of Multidatabase Transactions
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
VLDB '92 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
An Architecture for Interoperation of Distributed Heterogeneous Database Systems
DEXA '96 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications
A graphical interface for cooperative access to distributed and heterogeneous database systems
IDEAS '97 Proceedings of the 1997 International Symposium on Database Engineering & Applications
Principles of Distributed Database Systems
Principles of Distributed Database Systems
Postgres-R(SI): Combining Replica Control with Concurrency Control Based on Snapshot Isolation
ICDE '05 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Data Engineering
Transactional storage for geo-replicated systems
SOSP '11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
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Federated transaction management (also known as multidatabase transaction management in the literature) is needed to ensure the consistency of data that is distributed across multiple, largely autonomous, and possibly heterogeneous component databases and accessed by both global and local transactions. While the global atomicity of such transactions can be enforced by using a standardized commit protocol like XA or its CORBA counterpart OTS, global serializability is not self-guaranteed as the underlying component systems may use a variety of potentially incompatible local concurrency control protocols. The problem of how to achieve global serializability, by either constraining the component systems or implementing additional global protocols at the federation level, has been intensively studied in the literature, but did not have much impact on the practical side. A major deficiency of the prior work has been that it focused on the idealized correctness criterion of serializability and disregarded the subtle but important variations of SQL isolation levels supported by most commercial database systems. This paper reconsiders the problem of federated transaction management, more specifically its concurrency control issues, with particular focus on isolation levels used in practice, especially the popular snapshot isolation provided by Oracle. As pointed out in a SIGMOD 1995 paper by Berenson et al., a rigorous foundation for reasoning about such concurrency control features of commercial systems is sorely missing. The current paper aims to close this gap by developing a formal framework that allows us to reason about local and global transaction executions where some (or all) transactions are running under snapshot isolation. The paper derives criteria and practical protocols for guaranteeing global snapshot isolation at the federation level. It further generalizes the well-known ticket method to cope with combinations of isolation levels in a federated system.