The handwritten trie: indexing electronic ink
SIGMOD '95 Proceedings of the 1995 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
A language modeling approach to information retrieval
Proceedings of the 21st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
From reading to retrieval: freeform ink annotations as queries
Proceedings of the 22nd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Writer dependent recognition of on-line unconstrained handwriting
ICASSP '96 Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1996. on Conference Proceedings., 1996 IEEE International Conference - Volume 06
Application of information retrieval techniques to single writer documents
Pattern Recognition Letters
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This paper compares several information retrieval (IR) methods applied to the problem of retrieving specific words from a handwritten document. The methods compared include variants of the Okapi formula and Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI); recognition-based retrieval; and keyword search. One novel aspect of the work presented is that it uses the output stack of a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) handwriting recognizer with a 30,000-word lexicon to convert each handwritten word into a document which is then used for document retrieval. Preliminary experiments on a database of 1158 words from 75 writers indicate that the keyword search has superior precision and recall for text queries, and that ink queries result in minor performance reductions.