Untraceable off-line cash in wallet with observers
CRYPTO '93 Proceedings of the 13th annual international cryptology conference on Advances in cryptology
Digital Payment Systems with Passive Anonymity-Revoking Trustees
ESORICS '96 Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security: Computer Security
Wallet Databases with Observers
CRYPTO '92 Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Efficient Group Signature Schemes for Large Groups (Extended Abstract)
CRYPTO '97 Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
"Indirect Discourse Proof": Achieving Efficient Fair Off-Line E-cash
ASIACRYPT '96 Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
Fair Off-Line e-cash Made Easy
ASIACRYPT '98 Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
A Group Signature Scheme with Improved Efficiency
ASIACRYPT '98 Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
Group Blind Digital Signatures: A Scalable Solution to Electronic Cash
FC '98 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Financial Cryptography
EUROCRYPT'95 Proceedings of the 14th annual international conference on Theory and application of cryptographic techniques
Efficient Transferable Cash with Group Signatures
ISC '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Security
Polynomial Interpolation of the k-th Root of the Discrete Logarithm
CAI '09 Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Algebraic Informatics
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Most electronic cash systems in the literature have been developed in the single bank model in which clients and merchants have accounts at the same bank. In the real world, electronic cash may be issued by a large group of banks, monitored by the Central Bank. Thus not only client anonymity but also bank anonymity should be considered to simulate anonymity of real money. Because anonymity could be in conflict with law enforcement, anonymity of both clients and banks must be contollable such that the identity of the bank is concealed but identifiable by the Central Bank in case of dispute and the client is anonymous but revocable by a trusted third party. In this paper we study electronic cash system in the multiple bank model in which clients and merchants have their accounts at different banks, especially from the viewpoint of anonymity control. Client anonymity control and bank anonymity control are achieved by fair blind signatures and group signatures, respectively. By merging fair blind signatures and group signatures, we provide both client anonymity control and group anonymity control efficiently.