Closure and Convergence: A Foundation of Fault-Tolerant Computing
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering - Special issue on software reliability
Firewalls and Internet security: repelling the wily hacker
Firewalls and Internet security: repelling the wily hacker
Elements of network protocol design
Elements of network protocol design
Self-stabilization
Elements of security: closure, convergence, and protection
Information Processing Letters - Special issue in honor of Edsger W. Dijkstra
Hop integrity in computer networks
ICNP '00 Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Network Protocols
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We present a formal specification of the PING protocol, and use three concepts of convergence theory, namely closure, convergence, and protection, to show that this protocol is secure against weak adversaries (and insecure against strong ones). We then argue that despite the security of PING against weak adversaries, the natural vulnerability of this protocol (or of any other protocol for that matter) can be exploited by a weak adversary to launch a denial of service attack against any computer that hosts the protocol. Finally, we discuss three mechanisms, namely ingress filtering, hop integrity, and soft firewalls that can be used to prevent denial of service attacks in the Internet.