IBM Systems Journal
Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking
Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking
Modulation and Information Hiding in Images
Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Information Hiding
Information-theoretic analysis of watermarking
ICASSP '00 Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2000. on IEEE International Conference - Volume 06
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Capacity is the wrong paradigm
Proceedings of the 2002 workshop on New security paradigms
The upper and lower bounds of the information-hiding capacity of digital images
Information Sciences: an International Journal
The maximum capacity and minimum detectable capacity of information hiding in digital images
ICCSA'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications - Volume Part II
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A practical approach for evaluating the capacity of watermarks is presented. In real applications of watermarks, reliability is one of the most important metrics. The problem focused on in this paper is maximizing the number of embedded bits when there are some constraints on detection reliability. Error rates are formulated under some assumptions about the watermarking scheme, and the capacity can be determined by setting the bounds on each error rate. Experiments are performed to verify the theoretical predictions using a prototype watermarking system which conforms to the assumptions, and the resulting capacity agrees with the theory. Further, the theoretical effects of employing error-correcting codes are considered. It is shown that this approach yields the practical capacity of watermarks, as compared with channel capacity in communication theory.